Activity classification based on oxygen uptake

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a system and method for analysing an activity session. Data from a monitoring device worn by a user of the system for example is received over a period of time or distance and a classification system of the invention is utilised in real time or post session to determine the activities performed by the user during the session. The data collected relates to multiple parameters monitored during the activity session. The classification system defines an activity using a set of threshold criteria for a combination of parameters and therefore identifies a particular activity performed during the activity session when a combination of monitored parameters satisfies the threshold criteria for a particular activity. Determining the activities performed in this way allows for more useful interpretation of the data which in turn leads to more effective coaching advice and feedback for the user.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/968,350, filed May 1, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/591,338, filed May 10, 2017, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/581,062, filed Nov.6, 2012, which is a National Phase entry of PCT/NZ2011/000029, filedFeb. 24, 2011, which claims the benefit of priority to New ZealandPatent Application No. 583385, filed Feb. 24, 2010, the contents of eachbeing hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to exercise and/or activity monitoring and inparticular to classification of exercise or activity measurement data.

BACKGROUND

Devices for monitoring physiological information such as heart rate, andother exercise related information such as speed and distance exist.Such devices provide a means of representing the quality of the exerciseconducted by a user wearing the device or exercising on a machineincorporating the device. It is often difficult for the user toeffectively interpret this representation of quality or use it tocompare it against their goals. The state of the art has thereforedeveloped further to provide systems compatible with a particularmeasurement device for downloading and uploading exercise data to andfrom the device for processing, with the object of making the data moremeaningful for the user. For example, systems are available which enablea user to upload a workout program onto a wearable exercise device. Theuser exercises according to the program while the device monitors theuser's heart rate. Once the exercise is complete, the user downloads themonitored data to a computer to process the data in some cases againstthe workout program and provide statistics on that particular exercisesession.

In the case of exercise, in at least some cases automated exercisedevices are rigid in their approach to a user exercising. For example, apreloaded training workout may stipulate a 2 minute warm up followed bya 4 minute interval at a speed close to half marathon race pace followedby easy recovery running for 3 minutes before another 4 minute halfmarathon race pace effort. There are two fundamental problems with this.Firstly the user may reach a hill just before he/she starts the 4 minutehalf marathon race pace effort and have to run it up the hill. The usermay then end up having to do the second 4 minute half marathon race paceeffort just as they reach the crest of the hill and descend. Thisrigidity of set training for each activity within the workout oractivity can mean that the user experience is poor and that the dataobtained will have far greater variability and error within it,potentially making it almost meaningless to analyse and to drawconclusions from. Secondly without understanding the full context of theworkout it is difficult for a trainer for example to commenteffectively, without for example knowing the terrain or the resistancethat the user is experiencing and this can mean interpretation may bereduced to guesswork.

Current systems can also be heavily dependent on the type of monitoringdevice used as they are generally limited to monitoring specificparameters e.g. heart rate for interpretation of the exercise.Furthermore, interpretation of exercise data in at least some currentsystems is dependent on pre-established assumptions of the user'sexercise regime. In other words, the exercise data is processed with theassumption that the user is performing a specific type of exercise.These factors limit the diversity of the systems and in some cases theiraccuracy, should the user choose to divert from the type of exercisespecified by a particular program. Lastly, the statistics provided bythe system may still be meaningless to an unskilled user and wouldgenerally require the aid of a specialised trainer to interpret them andprovide advice/guidance as to how to modify the user's exercise programso the user can meet their goals.

Exercise and activity devices that measure biometric and environmentaldata such as heart rate, speed, leg or arm turnover or stroke rate,altitude, temperature, R-R, power, slope, distance per turnover,location, distance and time currently exist. This data is displayed on awatch or device screen or spoken through headphones. These systems aremerely measurement devices. This means that once the activity data iscollected, the user must have the relevant level of skill to analyze andinterpret it and then decide what changes they should make to theirfuture exercise to optimize their time and effort during training and tomaximize improvements.

FIG. 3 for example shows data downloaded from a measurement device. Itis very difficult to extract any clear understanding or information fromsuch raw data. Hundreds of millions of people around the world exerciseineffectively due to poor understanding of the appropriate strategies tomaximizing fitness, sports performance and health improvements throughactivity. In most cases they do not have access to a coach.

In most cases, users ultimately do not want data from a measuringdevice, they want to know what was correct about what they did, whatproblems and solutions they need to work on and what to do next. Theyneed someone or something to interpret the data and provide intelligentfeedback.

When tracking a soldier in the field or a user engaging in healthrelated activities throughout a full day, it has been difficult in thepast to clearly establish different activities that have occurred duringthe day, and/or assess levels of fatigue or areas of weakness.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and systemfor classifying exercise and/or activity related data into differentactivities to provide an accurate representation of a particularexercise session or form of activity, or to at least provide the publicwith a useful choice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of amethod for analysing an activity session comprising:

-   -   receiving activity data over a period of time or distance        indicative of one or more activities performed during the        activity session, said data relating to multiple parameters        monitored during the activity session,    -   and    -   utilising a classification system to identify the one or more        activities performed during the activity session based on the        received activity data, a classification system defining an        activity based on a set of threshold criteria for a combination        of multiple parameters.

Preferably the data is received in multiple data streams of consecutivedata points, each stream relating to one of said monitored parameters,and utilising said classification system comprises:

-   -   a) comparing corresponding data points of two or more data        streams against the set of threshold criteria for one or more        activities,    -   b) identifying when the corresponding data points satisfy the        threshold criteria for an activity and if satisfied classifying        the corresponding data points under the activity, and    -   c) repeating steps a) and b) for other data points from the data        streams to identify the one or more activities performed during        the activity session.

Preferably the step of utilizing the classification system furthercomprises grouping consecutive data points classified under the sameactivity to define an instance of the activity within the activitysession, the number of consecutive data points being indicative ofduration of the instance of the activity.

Preferably the step of utilizing the classification system is performedupon or after receiving the activity data for the entire activitysession.

Alternatively the activity data is received during the activity sessionand the step of utilizing the classification system is performedsimultaneously during the activity session.

The activity data may be time stamped by a user during an activitysession to denote an instance of an activity and said method comprisesreceiving one or more time stamped blocks of activity data and utilizingthe classification system to identify an activity performed during oneor more of the time stamped blocks.

Preferably the multiple parameters monitored are any combination of twoor more of: resistance, effort, location, turnover, distance covered perturnover, positional status, ECG, blood pressure, ambient temperature,relative humidity, barometric pressure, heat index, local wind speed,local wind direction, local rain, body weight, carried weight, verticaljumping height, horizontal jumping distance, drop, climb, crawl, headingdirection, oxygen uptake, respiration, ventilation, energy expenditure,energy intake, R-R (HRV), body temperature, weather condition, degree ofmovement, ground status, and direction user facing.

Preferably the combination of monitored parameters for defining anactivity includes a measure of resistance or change in resistance and ameasure of effort or change in effort.

The measure of effort or change in effort may be a measure of speed orchange in speed, a measure of heart rate or change in heart rate, or ameasure of power or change in power, or any combination thereof.

The measure of resistance or change in resistance may be a measure ofaltitude or change in altitude, a measure of slope or change in slope,or a measure of gradient or change in gradient, or any combinationthereof.

Alternatively or in addition, the measure of resistance or change inresistance may be a determined from stride rate or change in striderate, stroke rate or change in stroke rate, or cadence or change incadence, or any combination thereof.

Preferably the classification system comprises any one or more of aweight loss activity classification, an activity status monitoringclassification, a running classification, a cycling classification, arowing/kayaking classification, a field sports classification, apedometer activity monitoring classification, and a horse trainingclassification.

Preferably the data relating to the parameters monitored during theactivity session is obtained from one or more activity monitoringdevices.

Preferably the method further comprises processing data classified underan activity to determine a level of compliance with a predeterminedtraining plan.

Preferably the method further comprises updating a training plan basedon the level of compliance.

In a second aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of asystem for analysing an activity session comprising a classificationmodule arranged to receive activity data indicative of one or moreactivities performed during the activity session, said data relating tomultiple parameters monitored during the activity session and having:

-   -   at least one memory component for storing one or more        classifications for defining one or more activities, each        activity being defined based on a set of threshold criteria for        a combination of multiple parameters, and    -   at least one processor arranged to utilise the classifications        to process the received activity data and identify one or more        activities performed during the activity session.

Preferably the classification module is arranged to receive the data inmultiple data streams of consecutive data points, each stream relatingto one of said monitored parameters, and said processor is arranged toutilize the one or more classifications by:

-   -   a) comparing corresponding data points of two or more data        streams against the set of threshold criteria for one or more        activities,    -   b) identifying when the corresponding data points satisfy the        threshold criteria for an activity and if satisfied classifying        the corresponding data points under the activity, and    -   c) repeating steps a) and b) for other data points from the data        streams to identify the one or more activities performed during        the activity session.

Preferably the processor is further arranged to group consecutive datapoints classified under the same activity to define an instance of theactivity within the activity session, the number of consecutive datapoints being indicative of a duration of the instance of the activity.

Preferably the processor is arranged to process the activity data uponor after receiving the activity data for the entire activity session.

Alternatively the processor is arranged to process the activity dataupon receiving activity data during the activity session.

The data may be received in time stamped blocks and the processor may bearranged to utilize the one or more classifications to process one ormore of the time stamped blocks of data and identify an activityperformed during each of the one or more blocks.

Preferably the multiple parameters monitored can be any combination oftwo or more of: resistance, effort, location, turnover, distance coveredper turnover, positional status, ECG, blood pressure, ambienttemperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, heat index, localwind speed, local wind direction, local rain, body weight, carriedweight, vertical jumping height, horizontal jumping distance, drop,climb, crawl, heading direction, oxygen uptake, respiration,ventilation, energy expenditure, energy intake, R-R (HRV), bodytemperature, weather condition, degree of movement, ground status, anddirection user facing.

Preferably the combination of monitored parameters for defining anactivity includes a measure of resistance or change in resistance and ameasure of effort or change in effort.

The measure of effort or change in effort may be a measure of speed orchange in speed, a measure of heart rate or change in heart rate, or ameasure of power or change in power, or any combination thereof.

The measure of resistance or change in resistance may be a measure ofaltitude or change in altitude, a measure of slope or change in slope,or a measure of gradient or change in gradient, or any combinationthereof.

Alternatively or in addition, the measure of resistance or change inresistance may be determined from stride rate or change in stride rate,stroke rate or change in stroke rate, cadence or change in cadence, orany combination thereof.

Preferably the memory component has stored therein any one or more of aweight loss activity classification, an activity status monitoringclassification, a running classification, a cycling classification, arowing/kayaking classification, a field sports classification, apedometer activity monitoring classification, and a horse trainingclassification.

Preferably the system further comprises one or more activity monitoringdevices, each arranged to obtain data indicative of parameters monitoredduring an activity session.

Preferably the classification module is remote from the one or moremonitoring devices and each monitoring device is arranged to transmitthe data indicative of the monitored parameters to the classificationmodule.

Preferably the system further comprises:

a central station for accommodating the classification module, and

a receiver for receiving data indicative of multiple parametersmonitored during an activity session from the one or more monitoringdevices.

Alternatively the classification module is housed within each monitoringdevice.

Preferably the system further comprises an interpretation module havinga processor for processing data classified under an activity todetermine a level of compliance with a predetermined training plan.

Preferably the system further comprises a plan generation module havinga processor for updating a training plan based on the level ofcompliance determined by the interpretation module.

In a third aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of aclassification system for analysing activity data relating to multipleparameters monitored during an activity session to determine one or moreactivities performed during the activity session, the classificationsystem comprising:

-   -   at least one memory component for storing one or more        classifications for defining one or more activities, each        activity being defined based on a set of threshold criteria for        a combination of parameters, and    -   at least one processor arranged to utilise the classifications        to process the activity data and identify one or more activities        performed during the activity session.

Preferably the classification system is arranged to receive the data inmultiple data streams of consecutive data points, each stream relatingto one of said monitored parameters, and said processor is arranged toutilize the one or more classifications by:

-   -   a) comparing corresponding data points of two or more data        streams against the set of threshold criteria for one or more        activities,    -   b) identifying when the corresponding data points satisfy the        threshold criteria for an activity and if satisfied classifying        the corresponding data points under the activity, and    -   c) repeating steps a) and b) for other data points from the data        streams to identify the one or more activities performed during        the activity session.

In this specification activity or activity type can mean any type ofaction performed by an individual or group of individuals over a periodof time or distance (or both) which may or may not involve movement,such as lying/sitting down and running/cycling. The term is intended tocover general activities such as running as well as specific activitiessuch as running uphill at a certain pace. An activity session or workoutmeans a period of time where an individual performs one or moreactivities. Exercise and exercise sessions (or workout) are intended tobe covered by the terms activity and activity sessions respectively.Activity period refers to the period within an activity session in whichan activity is performed. Training type is also intended to fall withinthe meaning of activity. Training zone is intended to mean a thresholdzone or criteria for a single parameter that defines an aspect of anactivity. An activity is composed of training zones from multipleparameters.

The term “comprising” as used in this specification and claims means“consisting at least in part of”. When interpreting each statement inthis specification and claims that includes the term “comprising”,features other than that or those prefaced by the term may also bepresent. Related terms such as “comprise” and “comprises” are to beinterpreted in the same manner.

The invention consists in the foregoing and also envisages constructionsof which the following gives examples only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described by way ofexample only and with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing an overview of a preferred method ofactivity analysis of the invention,

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a preferred system for carrying outthe method of FIG. 1,

FIG. 3 is graph showing example data downloaded from a monitoringdevice,

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing mainly an overview of the stepsperformed by the classification system of FIG. 2,

FIG. 5 shows an example data trawled by the preferred classificationsystem of the invention to find a match within a larger data set of aworkout for a particular activity type,

FIG. 6 shows an example graph where classification of cycling exercisedata is partitioned into activity segments/types,

FIG. 7a shows a graph with different highlighted training zones for amonitored heart rate data,

FIG. 7b shows the same graph as FIG. 7a with monitored terrain data,

FIGS. 8a and 8c show example graphs of single and multiple monitoredparameter data respectively,

FIG. 8c shows the same graph as FIG. 8b with different activitiesclassified by the classification system of the invention,

FIG. 9 shows another example graph with different activities classifiedfrom multiple parameter data,

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the components associated with thesystem of the invention, and

FIGS. 11a-c show schematics of a football field partitioned intodifferent number/sized quadrants for the purposes of field sportclassification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Virtual Coach System Overview

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an overview of a preferred method and system1000 for analysing an activity session is shown. Like method steps andsystem components are given the same reference numerals. A user 1050 ofthe system engaging in an activity session, either prior to or whilstthe system is being used, gathers information/data related to theactivity/activities performed during the session, preferably using atleast one exercise/activity monitoring device 1060 and supplies it tothe system (which may be hosted by a server 1070) to gain feedbackand/or advice/guidance in relation to their fitness goals. Theinformation is received by the system either manually via the userinitiating uploading of the information from the monitoring device orautomatically via the monitoring device, or from some other source foranalysis, and is received and/or analysed either during activity or postactivity. The system may be part of the monitoring device or may beseparate, running on a personal computer for example, or a remote server1070 accessible by and in communication with a personal computer and/orone or more monitoring devices.

During analysis the system will identify at step 1100 the differenttypes of activities the user has engaged in (or is engaging in) duringthe activity session. A classification system or module 1100, which willbe described in more detail below, is used by the system to identify theactivities performed by the user from the activity information/datareceived. The classification system 1100 enables the overall system topartition the data into one or more data streams or blocks relating tothe one or more activities performed by the user during the activitysession. The data can then be processed at step 1200 while taking thetype of activity performed into consideration. The classification system1100 defines an activity based on at least one satisfied thresholdcriteria from multiple monitored parameters (other than distance or timeor both which define the length of the activity or activity session butnot the type of activity). The classification system 1100 defines anactivity using multi-parameter zones (i.e. one or more thresholdcriteria from more than one parameter) that may occur within an activitysession. This for example may be that during running any speed over 7km/hr where the user has a change in altitude is defined as a ‘hillclimbing during running’ activity, or any period that involves the usermoving at 12-14 km/hr, while an accelerometer detects at least 160 stepsper min over the period and while altitude does not change (flat), isdefined as a ‘running speed work’ activity.

In accordance with the invention classified activities are identifiedusing multiple data streams first (each stream being associated with oneof the parameter(s) used to define a particular classified activity forexample), then the data for the activity is processed specific to thedefined activity as opposed to differently classified or non-classifiedactivities that have slightly different definitions. The effect eachtype of activity/exercise has on the user's overall fitness, performanceor fatigue is different and therefore it is necessary to distinguishbetween them to provide satisfactory analysis and appropriatefeedback/advice. In some embodiments the data once classified isprocessed/interpreted by an interpretation module 1200 for the variousidentified activity types to translate collective activity data into atutorial or advice (step 1300) for example. The data may be processedwith or without the rest of the activity session data. The data relatingto a particular activity may be processed 1200 against a plan, historicdata, an ideal zone (the zone all users would ideally fall under—notspecific to the history of the individual but rather applies to allindividuals, e.g. an ideal zone for example is a pedal cadence ofbetween 85 and 95 revolutions per minute for all cyclists riding at aneasy pace), a threshold or environmental conditions for example. In someembodiments a response is generated from the output of the processingstage 1200 which may be advice provided in the form of a prescription(method for modifying a plan 1305) or a solution (method for modifyinghow a user engages in an activity 1310) for example. Coaching advice orfeedback 1310 may be provided by the system back to the monitoringdevice 1060 in real time or post workout for instance. The advice may beoutput (step 1400) in either a text, auditory or graphical form asopposed to a visual or auditory display of raw or derived exercise datain real time or post activity. In addition or alternatively a trainingplan adjustment module 1310 modifies the training plan 1320 for the userbased on the output of the interpretation module 1200 and stores the newtraining plan 1320 for future use by the user 1050.

Advice is a preferable feature of the invention and may alternativelynot be supplied by the system but from a trainer or some other sourcefor example.

In one embodiment the data is automatically received by theclassification system in one or more streams and then trawled, with thedata points being compared against one or more threshold criteriaassociated with the parameter relating to that stream. In an alternativeembodiment the system may be arranged to enable a user to manually timestamp a block of activity data (e.g. by pushing a time stamp or lapsplit button on a device) and the time stamp block for each monitoredparameter is then trawled and compared against the one or more thresholdcriteria. For both embodiments corresponding data points of the multiplestreams or blocks (that relate to multiple parameters associated with aparticular activity) are associated with a particular activity when thesystem recognizes that the data points satisfy the threshold criteriadefining that activity, and therefore associates the corresponding datapoints with the activity.

2. Classification

The classification system enables activity session data to be classifiedinto one or more activity types. The classification system has knowledgeof one or more activity types and their specific relationship withmultiple parameters to achieve this. This knowledge may be simple orcomplex based on the application and/or desired accuracy of the system.Generally, one or more threshold criteria such as values or zonesassociated with each parameter related to a particular activity must besatisfied for that activity to be performed. In other words, an activitycan be identified by the classification system when every thresholdcriteria is satisfied for each of a combination of parameters thatdefine that activity. As will be explained in more detail further below,the classification system of the invention utilises multiple parametersto define activities.

An activity may be identified from different combinations of parameters.This diversifies the compatibility of the system with differentmonitoring devices. For example, an ‘easy walking’ activity may bedefined by a stride rate threshold (such as less than 60 steps perminute) and a terrain threshold (such as a gradient of less than 2°), ora speed threshold (less than 8 km/hr) and a terrain threshold (gradientof less than 2°), or a heart rate threshold (such as between 40 and 110beats per min) and a terrain threshold (such as a gradient of less than2°). This allows for different types of monitoring devices to be usedalongside the system. For instance a mobile phone with GPS capabilityfor measuring speed can be the monitoring device, or a more advanceddevice such as those branded under Polar, Suunto, Timex, Garmin, Adidasor Nike can be used for measuring heart rate and other parameters suchas speed, altitude, distance, time and turnover (e.g. stride rate).

Overview

For effective coaching direction to be generated, the data that isobtained from a user engaged in exercise is preferably broken up intodiffering activities and/or different instances of activities thatoccurred during an exercise session. To achieve this, the activityclassification system and method of the invention is employed.

In broad terms the classification system receives activity data over aperiod of time or over a distance that is indicative of one or moreactivities that were performed during the an activity session. This datarelates to multiple parameters monitored during the activity session andpreferably monitored through a monitoring device worn by the user. Theclassification system consists of a library of definitions for variousactivities which it consults upon receiving the activity data. From thedefinitions, the classification system can identify the one or moreactivities performed. The definitions classify an activity based on aset of threshold criteria from a combination of monitored parameters(i.e. multiple parameters each having at least one threshold criteria).

In the preferred embodiment, the activity data is received in multipledata streams, each relating to one of the monitored parameters. Theclassification system would then trawl through the data streams andplace corresponding data points from different streams up againstthreshold criteria for different activities until it identifiescompliance with the definition of a particular activity. Repeating thiswould then identify the one or more activities performed during theactivity session. Consecutive data points in a stream belonging to thesame activity classification define an instance of that activity duringan activity session and this can further be used for interpretation ofthe session. The number of consecutive data points within the instancewould be indicative of the duration of the instance of the activity. Theduration may be a measure of time or distance depending on how themonitoring device gathered the data. In other words, the monitoringdevice may be arranged to sense a particular parameter after a certaindistance travelled by the user, or after a certain period of elapsedtime. In either case the number of data points conforming to aparticular activity will indicate the duration of that instance of theactivity during the session.

The classification system may be utilised upon receiving all theactivity data for the entire activity session or simultaneously whiledata is being obtained by the monitoring device. A user mayalternatively time stamp a block of data upon termination of an activityand forward this data to the classification system which would thenautomatically identify the instance of activity from the time stampedblock.

FIG. 4 shows a simplified flow diagram of the operation of theclassification system 1100 of the invention. As the user exercises orafter the user has exercised, multiple parameter sensor data is received1110 by the classification system 1100. The system trawls this data forpatterns in the multiple streams of data generated 1120 and identifiesan activity upon determining compliance by the multiple parameter datawith the multiple activity zones that define the activity 1130. Eachtime a match for all parameter zones defining an activity is determinedthe data stream for each parameter is logged and labelled 1140. Theclassified activity data is then ready to be interpreted for advicegeneration.

FIG. 5 shows an example of trawled data and finding a ‘match’ within alarger data set of a workout for a particular activity type. The darkhighlighted streams 1121, 1122 and 1123 show three parameters (heartrate, cadence and altitude respectively) that satisfy the thresholdzones for defining a big gear time trial (BGTT) cycling activity. Thehighlighted portion of at least those three data streams 1121, 1122 and1123 are logged and labelled BGTT.

The classification system automatically recognises and partitions amonitored exercise/workout into a series of classified activity segmentsover the workout duration. FIG. 6 shows an example graphic whereclassification of cycling exercise data is partitioned into activitysegments/types. In this example, heart rate, cadence and altitude arebeing (or have been) measured over the duration of the workout.Parameter zones 1124, 1125 and 1126 are the boxed regions definingparticular threshold zones for each of the heart rate, cadence andaltitude parameters respectively. These zones/criteria are used todefine classifications of different activity segments/types. Theidentified activity types are shown along the horizontal axis of thegraph. (e.g. Easy, BGTT, Up Tempo etc.). The entire workout hastherefore been segmented into a series of activity types/segments usingthe classification system. Classification is critical to interpretationand coaching advice as it allows processing and interpreting data withinan activity segment or between activity segments that contains the samelabel. It breaks all the possible ways the user can train down into itscomponent parts or ‘building blocks’. In the FIG. 6 example there are:

-   -   7 classified Easy training type segments (1127 a)    -   2 Up Tempo training type segments (1127 b)    -   1 Big Gear Time Trial training type segment (1127 c)    -   1 Race Pace training type segment (1127 d)    -   1 Downhill Spinning Sprint training type segments (1127 e)    -   and 1 Power training type segment (1127 f)

Activity Types and Training Zones

There are systems currently available where zones can be classified anddata can be recorded if it conforms to the prescribed parameterthreshold. The data is generally classified as a ‘Training Zone’ and thesystem measures or outputs ‘Time in Zone’. Multiple parameters are notrecorded in concert to classify an activity type in these systems andtherefore they cannot be used effectively for the purposes of automatedinterpretation and coaching direction and modification of a plan. FIG.7a shows different highlighted training zones for the heart rateparameter. In a scenario where heart rate is the only parameter used tointerpret an exercise, a runner may be running briefly at too high aheart rate 1128 a which could be interpreted as training too hard butwithout other parameters this could be incorrect. Referring now to FIG.7b , if altitude change is also recorded, one can deduce that the runnerwas actually running up a hill 1128 b and this being the reason for thehigh heart rate 1128 a recorded. This is different to a runner sprintingon the flat with a high heart rate. The combination of parametersdescribes the situation adequately enough to understand what ishappening and therefore allows interpretation.

In essence, activity types defined by the classification system are madeup of these training zones (e.g. an easy training type is made up ofthree training zones 1124 a, 1125 a and 1126 a shown in FIG. 6).Different activity types are combined to make up a workout. Workouts arecombined into a calendar sequence over time to form a training plandesigned to generate physiological improvements. Therefore trainingplans are made up of workouts, workouts are made up of activity typesand activity types are made up of training zones. A training zonedescribes an aspect of an activity type. The classification system ofthis invention automatically partitions sensor data from a workoutmonitoring device, into related activities by identifying streams ofdata that conform to the multiple training zones defining that activity.The partitioned data can then be interpreted separately to provide amore accurate representation of the physiological effects of the workoutwhich leads to effective coaching/plan modification.

Example 1

Referring to FIGS. 16a-c , a simplified example of the operation of theclassification system is shown using graphs of monitored data. FIG. 8ashows the monitored heart rate throughout a workout or exercise session.It is difficult to identify what the user was doing during the exercisesession with just data from this parameter. Even with multiple parameterdata (terrain, speed and stride rate/cadence) plotted (as in FIG. 8b )it is difficult for the untrained user to determine what activities wereperformed during the workout session. Using the classification system ofthe invention enables comparisons between the multiple parameter dataand threshold zones to be made thereby identifying associated activitiesthe user is/was engaged in. In this case, as the data is being trawled,it is tested against defined threshold zones for cadence, speed andterrain. Different combinations of satisfied threshold zones definedifferent activities. FIG. 8c shows how different activities aredetermined by the classification system from the monitored data. 1129 ashows the monitored cadence, 1129 b shows the monitored speed and 1129 cshows the monitored terrain (altitude) during the workout. As thesethree data streams are trawled, the following activities are recognisedfrom compliance with specific threshold zones (boxed regions) associatedwith the activities:

-   -   6 sections of walking on the flat 5 a    -   3 stopped sections 5 b    -   1 running downhill section 5 c    -   2 running on the flat sections 5 d    -   2 running uphill sections 5 e    -   1 walking downhill section 5 f    -   2 sprinting sections 5 g

Example Two

FIG. 9 shows another example of application of the classification systemto identify activities A-P within a workout session from multipleparameter data. Once again, the boxed regions represent the thresholdzones within which the data from a particular parameter fits. Differentcombinations of threshold zones output different types of activitiesperformed during A-P. For instance, during period A, the user is goingup a small hill so his leg muscles are working hard. During period B,the user is on the flat and his heart rate is easy so he is carrying outan easy training type of activity. During period C, the user's speed,heart rate and cadence have increased as they travel along flat terrainmeaning the user is engaging in an ‘up tempo’ training type of activity.During period D, the speed drops, the heart rate is up but dropping andthe user is still travelling on the flat which suggests the user isrecovering from the up tempo activity. During period E, the user hasreturned to an easy training type. During period F, the user startstravelling downhill with a high running cadence which suggests an‘overspeed’ type of training. At period G the user returns to an easytraining type. At period H, the user's heart rate goes up and they beginascending a hill which identifies a ‘Rolling Hill’ training type. At I,the data cannot be categorized/classified as it does not fit within apredefined threshold zone. The user is likely to be recovering duringthis period before returning to another easy training type at J. Duringperiod K the user briefly tried to increase speed and heart rate to doan up tempo training type but this was not long enough to be accepted asa training type. Heart rate remained elevated for a while so no trainingtype was identified and it remained uncategorized. The user returns toanother easy training type at L. During M, the user started climbing asmall hill which returned them to the rolling hill training type. DuringN a high heart rate on a flat terrain was identified meaning ananaerobic threshold training type was identified before returning to aneasy training type at O. Finally at P, the user lowered their pace to awalking pace to cease the workout.

Using the classification method of the invention, the activitiesdetermined as explained above were:

-   -   3 Rolling Hills (A, H, M)    -   1 Up Tempo (C)    -   1 Over speed sprint (F)    -   6 Easy (B, E, G, J, L, O)    -   1 Anaerobic Threshold (N)    -   1 Walking (P)

If single parameter training zones were considered only (i.e. notcombinations of training zones as above) then the activities determinedwould have been:

-   -   4 Up Tempo efforts    -   6 Easy efforts    -   1 Anaerobic threshold Effort

Accurate classification therefore changes significantly when measuringactivity types as opposed to training zones only. This has a largeimpact on the reliability of the coaching feedback and/or the ability tomake the correct adjustments to a training program.

3. Preferred Embodiment(s)

The system and method of the invention may be implemented using thefollowing classification system. This implementation should not beconsidered as limiting the scope of the invention but rather a preferredembodiment of the underlying classification concept defined above.

3.1 Minimum Activity Classification

The following is a list of the minimum activities to be classified bythe classification system of one embodiment of the invention.

-   -   1. Walking, i.e. an individual moving at a speed below 8 km/hr.        One monitored parameter and threshold criterion used to identify        an individual walking can be a stride rate of less than 66        strides per minute. Alternatively or in addition, an        effort/intensity measure/parameter more closely associated with        the user's own ability may be used to classify walking. The        threshold criteria for such a parameter may be a user heart rate        (HR) of less than 60% of their maximum heart rate, and/or of        less than 70% of their Anaerobic Threshold (AT) HR. Effort may        alternatively or in addition be measured using speed and/or        power, in which case the threshold criteria for walking may be        less than 60% of the individual's AT speed and/or less than 60%        of their AT power respectively. In addition to any combination        of the above parameters and their threshold criteria, a flat        terrain criterion is required by the classification system to        identify a walking activity. In which case, the system may        define a flat terrain for walking as an upward slope of less        than 2° (or 4% gradient where consistent altitude (allowing for        edge forgiveness—discussed in more detail in the Parameters        section) cannot amount to more than a 6 meter altitude gain). A        downward slope of as much as 8.5° (16% gradient) may also be        regarded as a walking activity as would any uphill that fails to        qualify as a hill (less than a 6 meter climb).    -   2. Easy running, i.e. jogging at 8-10 km/hr (for most people).        One monitored parameter and threshold criterion used to identify        an individual easy running can be a stride rate of greater than        70 strides per minute. Alternatively or in addition, an        effort/intensity measure/parameter more closely associated with        the user's own ability may be used to classify walking. The        threshold criteria for such a parameter may be a user heart rate        (HR) of 65-75% of their maximum heart rate, and/or of 70-80% of        their Anaerobic Threshold (AT) HR. Effort may alternatively or        in addition be measured using speed and/or power, in which case        the threshold criteria for easy running may be 60-90% of the        individual's AT speed and/or 60-90% of their AT power        respectively. In addition to any combination of the above        parameters and their threshold criteria, a flat terrain        criterion may be required by the classification system to        identify a walking activity. In which case, the system may        define a flat terrain for easy running as an upward slope of        less than 2° (or 4% gradient where consistent altitude (allowing        for Edge Forgiveness—discussed in more detail in the Parameters        section) cannot amount to more than a 6 meter altitude gain). A        downward slope of as much as −8.5° (−16% gradient) may also be        regarded as an easy running activity as would any uphill that        fails to qualify as a hill (less than a 6 meter climb).    -   3. Flat terrain muscularly loaded activity (for example a big        gear at a low cadence on a bike on the flat)—this classified        activity is related to cycling and not walking/running as for        the above two. One monitored parameter and threshold criterion        used to identify an individual performing a muscularly loaded        activity can be a big gear (e.g. 52×16). This parameter may be        measured by distance travelled per pedal revolution with a        threshold criterion of 65-75 pedal revolutions per minute.        Alternatively or in addition, a threshold criterion of 85-130%        of the AT distance per pedal turnover may be used. An        effort/intensity measure/parameter more closely associated with        the user's own ability may also or alternatively be used to        classify a muscularly loaded activity. The threshold criteria        for such a parameter may be a user heart rate (HR) of 65-75% of        their maximum heart rate, or of −70-80% of their Anaerobic        Threshold (AT) HR. Effort may alternatively or in addition be        measured using speed and/or power, in which case the threshold        criteria for flat terrain muscularly loaded may be 65-90% of the        individual's AT speed and/or 65-90% of their AT power        respectively. In addition to any combination of the above        parameters and their threshold criteria, a flat terrain        criterion is required by the classification system to identify a        flat terrain muscularly loaded activity. The system may define a        flat terrain for this activity as an upward slope of less than        2° (or 4% gradient where consistent altitude (allowing for Edge        Forgiveness—discussed in more detail in the Parameters section)        cannot amount to more than a 6 meter altitude gain). A downward        slope of as much as −2° (−4% gradient) may also be regarded as        flat terrain for a muscularly loaded activity.    -   4. Hills—This activity occurs when an individual increases their        altitude during exercise/activity. The threshold criteria        required to classify an activity under Hills can be a continuous        rise over time that exceeds a 6 meter vertical gained from the        flat, or a continuous slope of 2° or more (more or less) for        more than 70 secs (‘the more or less’ in the above refers to our        ‘edge forgivness’ system that will allow some out of        zone/threshold values if the data falls back within zone or        threshold criteria within a short period of time).    -   5. Speed—i.e. running at 12 km/hr or more (for most people). One        monitored parameter and threshold criterion used to identify a        speed activity can be a stride rate of greater than 70 strides        per minute. Alternatively or in addition, an effort/intensity        measure/parameter more closely associated with the user's own        ability may be used to classify speed activities. The threshold        criteria for such a parameter may be a user heart rate (HR) of        more than 75% of their maximum heart rate, and/or of more than        80% of their Anaerobic Threshold (AT) HR. Effort may        alternatively or in addition be measured using speed and/or        power, in which case the threshold criteria for speed activities        may be more than 90% of the individual's AT speed and/or more        than 90% of their AT power respectively. In addition to any        combination of the above parameters and their threshold        criteria, a flat terrain criterion may be required by the        classification system to identify a speed activity. In which        case, the system may define a flat terrain for speed as an        upward slope of less than 2° (or 4% gradient where consistent        altitude (allowing for Edge Forgiveness—discussed in more detail        in the Parameters section) cannot amount to more than a 6 meter        altitude gain). A downward slope of as much as −2° (−4%        gradient) may also be regarded as flat terrain for a speed        activity.

There may be many different ways to classify an activity. Anycombination of parameters such as speed, heart rate, power, turnover,distance per turnover, R-R (HRV), vertical meters ascended, slope,gradient can be used to depict a particular classification. Furthermore,there can be many ways to define the threshold or zone for each of theseusing a maximum value tested or obtained from within training oractivity, using the Anaerobic or Aerobic Threshold value, or usingaverages based on the activity or exercise of the user etc.

The above monitored parameters and in particular the threshold criteriaare only exemplary and reflect possible embodiments of the invention.They are not intended to be limiting. It is preferred in fact to havevariations on the threshold criteria (and zones) for each individual asthe system may be calibrated to their specific ability and needs.

3.2 Detailed Activity Classification

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the classification systemclassifies activities within other major exercises or activities (whichare referred to as categories in this specification). For instanceweight loss, activity status monitoring (explained in more detailfurther below), running, cross country skiing, skating, cycling, horsetraining, rowing/kayaking, pedometer activity monitoring and field sportexercise categories may each have their own set of classified activitiesas set out below.

Activity Status Monitoring—Health/Military/Rescue Services

As the demand for effective Wellness schemes increases, the constantneed for Rehabilitive Health technology upgrades continues and theability to judge more effectively the condition and therefore safety ofa soldier, fire or rescue services personnel automatically and remotely,the ability to classify activity and interpret it for the purposes offeedback and decision making become paramount.

Activity status monitoring uses sensors attached to an individual (inmost cases) to analyse the ‘situation’ the individual is in or to assessthe ‘state’ of the individual or a combination of the two. For example,multi axis accelerometers (such as 3D accelerometers) can determinewhether an individual is upright or lying down. Sensors may be used todetermine if an individual is stationary, or moving (running orwalking), the speed that they are moving at and the direction they aremoving in, whether the terrain is flat or hilly, whether it is cold orhot, windy or rainy, the altitude the individual is at, the location ofthe individual, the body temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, footfall,blood pressures, ECG etc. These measurements that are associated withthe individual can be very useful in weight loss, health and militaryapplications. The output from one or a combination of sensors will helpdetermine the situation and/or state of the individual which may then beused by the classification system to identify which one of the followingclassified activities the user is engaging in.

 1. Inactive  2. Inactive (Upright)  3. Inactive (Rest)  4. Inactive(Prone)  5. Easy Walking (forwards, backwards, lateral left or right) 6. Rolling Hills  7. Hills  8. Long Climbs  9. Fast Walking (forwards,backwards, lateral left or right) 10. Low Speed Run (forwards,backwards, lateral left or right) 11. High Speed Run 12. Out of ZoneSpecialist Categories for the above: 13. Sprint - Flat 14. Sprint -Uphill 15. Crawling (forwards, backwards, lateral left or right) 16.Climbing 17. Descending 18. Non specific movement - Low Activity 19. Nonspecific movement - Moderate Activity 20. Non specific movement - HighActivity 21. Non specific movement - Very High ActivityWalking/Running - Weight Loss Activity Classification  1. Inactive(Upright)  2. Inactive (Rest)  3. Inactive (Prone)  4. Easy Walking  5.Rolling Hills  6. Hills  7. Fat Burning Zone  8. Low Speed Run  9. HighSpeed Run 10. Out of Zone - Too fast Running Classification  1. Inactive 2. Easy  3. Rolling Hills  4. Hills  5. Long Climbs  6. Hill Efforts 7. Up Tempo  8. Anaerobic Threshold  9. Sprint 10. Overspeed 11. BonusOut of Zone 12. Race Pace Cycling Classification  1. Inactive  2. Easy 3. Rolling Hills  4. Hills  5. Long Climbs  6. Hill Spinning  7. HillEfforts  8. Flat Big Gear  9. Big Gear Time Trial 10. Up Tempo 11.Anaerobic Threshold 12. Power 13. Sprint 14. Overspeed 15. Bonus Out ofZone 16. Race Pace Rowing/Kayaking Classification  1. Inactive  2. Easy 3. Slow full pressure  4. Tempo Load  5. Up Tempo  6. AnaerobicThreshold  7. Race Pace  8. Starts  9. Moves 10. Bonus Out of Zone FieldSports Classification  1. Stationary - upright  2. Stationary - prone 3. <5 m sprints - moving Start  4. <5 m sprints - stationary start  5.5-10 m sprints - moving start  6. 5-10 m sprints - stationary start  7.10-20 m sprints - moving start  8. 10-20 m sprints - stationary start 9. 20-30 m sprints - moving start 10. 20-30 m sprints - stationarystart 11. 30-40 m sprints - moving start 12. 30-40 m sprints -stationary start 13. 40+ m sprints - moving start 14. 40+ m sprints -stationary sart 15. Tempo Speed (forwards, backwards, lateral left orright) 16. Jogging (forwards, backwards, lateral left or right) 17. SlowJogging (forwards, backwards, lateral left or right) 18. Walking(forwards, backwards, lateral left or right) 19. Jumping Vertical 20.Jumping Horizontal 21. Sidestep 22. Tackle 23. Bonus Out of ZonePedometer Activity Monitoring  1. Inactive Rest  2. Inactive Stationary 3. Slow Walk  4. Fast Walk  5. Jog  6. Moderate Intensity Run  7. HighIntensity Run  8. Non specific movement - Moderate Activity  9. Nonspecific movement - High Activity 10. Non specific movement - Very HighActivity Horse Training Classification  1. STATIONARY  2. Easy (WALKING) 3. EASY (TROTTING)  4. Hills  5. Hill Efforts  6. Up Tempo (CANTER)  7.Anaerobic Threshold (GALLOP)  8. RACE PACE (FAST GALLOP)  9. Sprint 10.Bonus Out of Zone

Some of the above activities are classified under more than one categoryand their definition under one category may therefore overlap with theirdefinition under another. In the preferred embodiment the analysissystem would be aware of the major exercise or activity category theindividual is or was performing to avoid confusion between definitionoverlap.

3.3 Parameters

The monitored parameters aid the system in identification of activitiesperformed during the exercise session, as each activity is defined bymultiple threshold criteria (i.e. threshold values or zones) associatedwith multiple parameters.

In the preferred system associated with the activities defined above itis preferred to have a resistance parameter and an intensity/effortparameter.

For running, cycling, walking, horse training, and activity statusmonitoring categories the activities can be defined by the system usinga terrain parameter as the resistance parameter and an effort parametermeasured over time. The measure of terrain can be defined as a change inaltitude, slope, gradient and/or resistance and may be obtained forexample via a barometric device, a GPS device, a digital elevationmodel, or using the slope or gradient function on an exercise machine.The measure of effort may be defined using speed, heart rate or power (adirect measure or one derived from speed, body weight and slope).

For rowing and kayaking, there is no terrain component so a turnoverparameter (e.g. stroke rate) is preferably used by the system in itsplace.

The turnover parameter may also be used as the resistance parameter (inconjunction with terrain) to identify cycling activities.

For health or environmental monitoring, the classification is theincidence of a health (ECG, Blood Pressure) or environmental(Temperature, Heat Index, Wind Speed) parameter matched up to the otherparameters that describe a situation (heart rate, terrain, speed etc).

It is preferable that the system caters for more parameters as thiswould enhance the flexibility of the system not just with accuracy andthe ability to define more activities but also in terms of compatibilitywith a vast range of monitoring devices. A list of other possibleadditional parameters is shown below.

 1. Duration  2. Distance  3. Location  4. ‘Turnover’ (stride rate,cadence, stroke rate)  5. Distance covered per Turnover  6. PositionalStatus (is the person upright or lying down)  7. ECG  8. Blood Pressure 9. Ambient temperature 10. Relative Humidity 11. Barometric Pressure12. Heat Index 13. Local Wind Speed & Direction 14. Local Rain 15. Somederived combinations (e.g. watts/kg) 16. Body Weight 17. Personal Gear -Carried Weight (e.g. tramping pack) 18. Jumping - vertical (varyingheights) 19. Jumping - horizontal (varying distances) 20. Drop 21.Climbing 22. Crawling 23. Direction (heading) 24. Oxygen uptake 25.Respiration 26. Ventilation 27. Energy Expenditure 28. Energy Intake 29.Blood Pressure 30. ECG 31. R-R (HRV) 32. Body Temperature 33. Currentweather 34. Degree of Movement 35. On the ground 36. Direction the useris facing or moving (forwards, backwards, sideways)

3.4 Initial Calibration

Exercise, activity or training zones/criteria may to be calibrated tothe individual so the zones conform to match correctly what the userexperiences. The traditional calculations (e.g. 220—age in yrs and theKarvonen formula) and then percentages set against them which are usedto determine the zones are only correct in 60% of individuals so anotherform of a more individualised assessment is preferably performed duringa user's activity. One way to achieve this assessment is to establishwhat the user's Anaerobic Threshold is in a method that is safe for theuser and not too complicated or invasive to the user's activity.

Anaerobic Threshold (AT) is a well known metric in exercise physiologythat implies the maximum effort that a particular individual canexercise at for a particular period of time (e.g. 20 minutes to 1 hour)depending on their fitness. This can be at a heart rate of 170-180 beatsper minute for one individual with a high heart rate and high AnaerobicThreshold or can be 140-150 for an older individual with a low AnaerobicThreshold for example. AT can similarly be measured with speed andpower. There are preferably four systems to determine AT due to the factthat it must be compatible across a wide range of hardware platformseach using different sensor data.

User Rating Calibration System—The user does a calibration workout wherethey exercise to several set intensities defined on a perceived exertionscale. The scale would be 1-10 with 1 being equal to rest and 10equating to maximum effort. The user is asked to exercise at a 2, 4, 6,(maybe 8) and to press a button to designate achieving each of theintensities, which is converted then back to a speed/power or a heartrate depending on the user's hardware platform. All intensities inbetween and above test values are determined by a modified regressionline.

Heart Rate Calibration System—The user exercises and their heart ratedata is collected each time they exercise and generated into ahistogram. The histogram records the number of incidences of a heartrate within a specific range (e.g. 170-175). Each range forms an‘incidence bin’ that contains a count of all heart rate data that fallsbetween the bins range. Some ranges will be empty with no data andtherefore inactive. Of the remaining active incidence bins the highestchange in incidences of a heart rate falling into the highest 3histogram range bins that are activated denotes the ‘AnaerobicThreshold’ heart rate zone. The system can do this assessment as acalibration workout or can do this for every workout and constantlyupdate itself.

Power Calibration System—The user exercises and their power data iscollected each time they exercise and generated into a histogram. Thehistogram records the number of incidences of power within a specificrange. Each range forms an ‘incidence bin’ that contains a count of allpower data that falls between the bins range. Some ranges will be emptywith no data and therefore inactive. The highest change in incidences ofa power falling into ‘histogram bins’ in the top 3 histogram bins thatare activated denotes the ‘Anaerobic Threshold’ power zone. The systemcan do this assessment as a calibration workout or can do this for everyworkout and constantly update itself. Once again AT power is not thesame for everyone, it is highly individualized. This can be at a powerof 240 watts for one individual or 120 watts for another for example. Ineach case the training zones can be extrapolated through algorithms foreach intensity level.

Speed Calibration System—the same system is applied as above to speedwith several minor modifications (e.g. speeds are only assessed on theflat) to achieve the same goal.

The same concept may be applied to respiration rate (and some heart ratederivatives, cadence or turnover and distance per turnover)

Once the AT zone has been identified, in each case all the otheractivity/training zones can be extrapolated through algorithms for eachintensity level.

If the AT is assessed for every workout so that it constantly updateswhich is the preferred embodiment, there are contingencies set foraccepting new data that updates the historic AT zone and therefore allother activity zones. Data that falls outside being less than 90% of themaximum historic AT value or more than 105% of the maximum historic ATvalue is deleted and not used to update the historic AT value which isan average of accepted historic AT values for each workout.

The AT zone may be set too low with some individuals upon initial usebut adapts to higher levels as the user becomes fitter and engages inmore intense training.

Effort/intensity can therefore be defined as a heart rate zone, speedzone or power zone.

It is also possible to use the older method based on a real ortheoretical maximum, a lactate or Conconi test, ventilation test.

3.5 Classified Activity Definitions

Table 1 (in the ‘Classification Tables’ section at the end of thisspecification) shows an exemplary classification system for a weightloss—walking/running category (or the general activities under theactivity status monitoring category). The ‘classification of activitytype’ column shows a list of the activities classified underwalking/running. The ‘primary intensity measurement system’ column showsthe secondary effort parameters that may be used in addition toresistance (which is a measure of terrain in this case). The ‘metricsused’ column shows the various metrics that are used to provide ameasure of the monitored parameter (some or all of the metrics may beused depending on the circumstances). The ‘algorithm’ column specifiesthe thresholds criteria that are tested when utilising theclassification system to identify the activity. The definition of eachactivity lies within the algorithm. The ‘measurement sensor(s)’ columnoutlines various sensors that may be used to provide a measure of therequired parameter in the required metrics. The ‘collected data over theidentified activity period column’ shows a list of other parameters thatmay be monitored upon identification of that particular activity. Theseother parameters would be taken into consideration when processing theactivity data for interpretation of the compliance and providingadvice/guidance in general.

3.5.1 Weight Loss/Activity Status Monitoring—General

Inactive

Speeds that are below 2 km/hr or 0 km/hr indicate very little movement.Power outputs that are below 25 watts or 0 watts indicate littleactivity. An accelerometer detecting stride rates of less than 10strides per minute (that may have low time uniformity between steps)also indicate low activity.

Inactive Upright

A period of inactivity may be determined when a user shows very lowlevels of movement. The parameters that may be used to classify this areeither: a multi axis accelerometer output, a multi axis accelerometeroutput and a speed measure, or a multi axis accelerometer output and aheart rate measure. For examples speeds that are below 2 km/hr or 0km/hr indicate very little movement. Power outputs that are below 25watts or 0 watts indicate little activity. Stride rates of less than 10strides per minute (that may have low time uniformity between steps)also indicate low activity. Finally a multi axis accelerometer can alsopick up if the user is lying down or standing upright if theaccelerometer is mounted correctly.

Inactive Rest

Inactive Rest is the same as Inactive Upright except that a multi axisaccelerometer has determined that a user is below an 80° angle to beingupright for more than 1 min. Additional parameters may be used to definethis classification such as heart rate (less than 40% of the user's ATheart rate, and/or less than 37% of the user's maximum heart rate) orrespiration rate (of less than 12 breaths per minute for example). Anaverage over time may be built up and used as the true thresholds.

In the preferred embodiment the heart rate and respiration rate can beassessed for all incidences so that it constantly updates the historicthreshold criteria. There are contingencies set for accepting new datathat updates the historic Inactive Rest zone. Data that falls outsidebeing less than 90% of the minimum historic Inactive Rest value or morethan 105% of the minimum historic Inactive Rest value is deleted and notused to update the historic Inactive Rest value which is an average ofaccepted historic Inactive Rest values for each ‘Rest’ incidence.

Inactive Prone

A single parameter which determines whether someone is prone may beinsufficient to distinguish between someone lying down (prone) andsomeone crawling (which would be evident from an additional speedparameter for example) for instance.

Inactive prone is exactly the same as Inactive Rest but it must exceedeither the set thresholds for Inactive Rest (heart rate must exceed 40%of AT heart rate or exceed 37% of maximum heart rate and respirationrate must exceed 12 breaths per minute) or it must exceed the averagesfor Historic Inactive Rest.

For all inactive classifications, the system may in addition gather anycombination of the following data: Elapsed time, time,location—distance, altitude, gradient or slope, steps, gait analysis(including heaviness of footfall—higher force accelerometer data orlimping—high contrasts in force measured through an accelerometer forright leg footfall versus left) power, heart rate, R-R interval (orHeart Rate Variability (HRV)) Electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure,pulse oxymetry, body temperature, glucose and cholesterol levels arealso monitored to be processed as part of the data relating to theinactivity. Other data may also be included such as environmentaltemperature, humidity, heat index and wind chill, water temperature,wind speeds, weather conditions (rain, snow, fine) and forecast, gas(nitrogen, oxygen etc) concentrations in the air, direction a user isfacing, moving backwards or forwards or laterally, location of otherusers (including information on their activities), location ofresources, location of an object or incident, goal targets and missionobjectives which may be determined through portable sensors or accessedfrom another source.

Upon identification of Inactivity the system may output an appropriatesignal such as “Inactive Upright Identifie”, “Inactive Rest Identified”or “Inactive Prone Identified”, in text, auditory or graphical manner orany combination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity the data now classified under inactive upright, inactive restor inactive prone is available for immediate processing (and therefore‘real time’ feedback) or kept later for post workout analysis.

Walking Exercise

In the example shown walking is classified into the followingactivities: easy walking, rolling hills, hills, long climb and fatburning zone.

Easy Walking

This activity is identified when the user of the system is (or has beenin the case of post exercise analysis) walking at a nominal pace on asubstantially flat terrain. It is therefore preferable to monitor thestate of the terrain as the first parameter to be able to identify thisactivity. The effort parameter as stated above and as shown in the‘primary intensity measurement system’ column may be speed, heart rateor power or any combination thereof. Speed can be provided as a directmeasurement (e.g. km/hr) and/or provided as a measure of stride rate(e.g. steps/minute) where indirect measures of speed such as algorithmsthat use accelerometers can calculate speed. Terrain can be provided asa measure of the slope and/or the gradient or change in altitude (i.e. agrade in percentage).

The algorithm specifies one or more thresholds criteria that would betested when utilising the classification system to identify an easywalking activity.

The threshold criteria for an easy walking activity may be set using thevalues determined during calibration. For instance, a speed or heartrate equivalent to 3-4 on the User rating system may be the thresholdcriteria set for easy walking. Alternatively or in addition a heart rateof less than 55% of maximum heart rate or less than 60% of AT heartrate, and/or a speed of less than 45% of AT speed and/or power of lessthan 45% of AT power may be set to identify an easy walking activity.

In addition or alternative to the above threshold criteria, a striderate threshold that defines an easy walking speed may be set by thealgorithm as less than 66 steps per minute. A step in this case isconsidered as one full cycle of both left and right leg steps (this ishowever not intended to be limiting and other ways of representing thestride rate may be used).

The algorithm may also define when to stop classifying the exercise dataas an easy walking activity. This may be when the stride rate exceeds 66steps a minute for a specific length of time and/or as shown in theTable 1, when the slope exceeds 2 degrees for, for example over 6 metersof vertical gain, and/or the slope exceeds 2 degrees for, for example a30 second period or longer.

Furthermore the algorithm may define an edge forgiveness period. This isa short period where exercise data that is being processed and comparedagainst the thresholds drops out of the threshold zone for that activityand then returns within the threshold zone. For example, if the striderate of the user changes to above 60 steps per minute but returns toless than 60 steps per minute shortly after, then the data gathered forthe period where the stride rate was above the threshold should still beconsidered as part of the easy walking activity and processed with therest of the data. In preferred embodiments the edge forgives period maybe 1-9 seconds. If the stride rate (or speed, heart rate, or power)exceeds the threshold for longer than 9 seconds then the data will nolonger be considered as part of the easy walking activity (and anotheractivity may be identified by the algorithms of the classificationsystem at this point).

The types of sensors that may be used to measure speed can be found inGPS or Accelerometer devices. An accelerometer can be used to measurestride rate or algorithms can be applied to accelerometer data tocalculate speed. A GPS device, barometer, DEM (digital elevation model)device or inclinometer may be used to measure the change interrain/altitude. If a GPS device is used then the GPS speed may needsmoothing and/or the GPS altitude may require error correction.

Alternatively or in addition to speed, a heart rate parameter may bemonitored and used to identify an easy walking activity. The parametermay be measured in beats per minute. The classification system would inthis case be built to cater for such a parameter and set appropriatethresholds to define easy walking (as for speed).

A heart rate monitor of some sort would be used as the measurementsensor (less than 60% AT heart rate and greater than 40%, less than 55%of maximum heart rate and greater than 37%) in this case and similaradditional data would ideally be collected to aid in interpretation ofthe activity and guidance. Note that in this case the terrain parameteris still monitored and applicable thresholds are still considered withinthe algorithm as described for speed above.

In yet another alternative a power parameter may be monitored as themeasure for effort. The metrics used would be Watts. Easy walkingequates to a power output of less than 45% of AT power (but greater than25 watts)

Power may be taken directly from a power sensor or can be indirectlydetermined through an algorithm based on a speed, body weight and slopemeasure and similar additional data would ideally be collected as forspeed and heart rate to aid in interpretation of the activity as shownin the Table 1.

Having three types of primary intensity measure (Speed, Heart Rate andPower) enables compatibility of the system with GPS (that only measuresspeed, no Heart Rate) or a Heart Rate monitor (no speed), for example.

Flat can be defined as an upward slope of less than 2° (4% gradientwhere consistent altitude (allowing for Edge Forgiveness) cannot amountto more than a 6 meter altitude gain. A downward slope of as much as −2°(−4% gradient) may be allowed.

For easy walking (and any other suitable activity defined in thisspecification), the classification may be further broken down intodetermining whether the user is moving forwards or backwards (which mayalso include lateral movement) using a digital compass contained in adevice that is fixed to the body. This is accomplished by the systemknowing the direction the user is facing and then inferring from themovement whether they are moving forwards, backwards or laterally. Forinstance, movements in a direction in the range of 315 to 45 degrees inrelation to where the user is facing may be classified as forwardmovements, backwards movement may be in the direction of 135 to 225degrees in relation to where the user is facing, movement to the leftmay be in the range 225 to 315 degrees and movement to the right may be45 to 135 degrees.)

Within the streams of data recorded during the activity or exercise thedata now categorised as ‘easy walking’ is available for immediateprocessing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept later for postworkout analysis.

Upon identification of an easy walking activity the system may output an‘easy walking identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manneror any combination thereof.

Rolling Hills

A rolling hill is defined as a climb of more than 4 meters (when using aor GPS Digital Elevation Model the definition is above 7 meters (due togreater errors in both GPS and DEM) and less than a climb of 20 meters.Speed or Stride rate thresholds can also be applied to theclassification system to determine whether the user is walking orrunning up the hill. Stride rates that are less than 66 strides perminute and speeds that are less than 7 km/hr would denote walking. Thisactivity is identified when the user of the system is (or has been inthe case of post exercise analysis) walking up a short hill. It istherefore preferable to monitor the state of the terrain as the firstparameter to be able to identify this activity. The effort parameter maybe speed, heart rate or power or any combination thereof as in the ‘easywalking’ activity. The metrics, algorithm thresholds and measurementsensors for the effort parameters are the same as those described foreasy walking above.

Terrain can be provided as a measure of the meters ascended, slopeand/or the gradient (i.e. a grade in percentage). Meters ascended may bedetermined using a barometer calibrated for determining change in airpressure to show change in altitude. Slope can be determined as a changein altitude over time which may be converted to slope or gradient.Slope/gradient can also be determined by an inclinometer (mounted of abicycle handlebar) or by setting a gradient on a device such as a indoorrunning/walking treadmill. The algorithm associated with this activitydefines a rolling hill activity as one where the slope is more than 2degrees (or 4% gradient) and less than 8 degrees (or 15% gradient).Furthermore this is preferably the case over at least a 7 meter verticalgain but no more than a 20 meter vertical gain. In one embodiment,additionally a period threshold can be set, where a slope of more than 2degrees is maintained for a period of more than 70 seconds but less than200 seconds, to help define this activity. If the measured parameterswere to fall outside of these thresholds then this suggests the user isno longer walking up the short hill (or is walking up a longer hill).

An edge forgiveness period of for example 1-9 seconds as described foreasy walking above may be applied by the rolling hills algorithm.

Upon identification of a rolling hills activity the system may output a‘rolling hill identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manneror any combination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded duringthe activity or exercise the data now classified as a ‘rolling hill’ isavailable for immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback)or kept later for post workout analysis.

Hills

This activity is identified when the user of the system is (or has been)walking up a medium length hill. A hill may be defined as an increase inelevation of more than 20 meters but less than 30 meters (allowing foredge forgiveness in the preferred embodiment) Therefore the activity isdefined in essentially the same way as rolling hills above, except theperiod threshold is replaced with a slope of more than 2 degrees beingmaintained for at least 200 seconds but no more than 410 seconds. Alsothe meters ascended differ but the same procedure is employed.

Stride rate or speed may be used in some embodiments to ensure the useris walking up the hill, with stride rates below 66 strides per minuteand speeds below 7 km/hr indicating walking as opposed to running.

Upon identification of an easy walking activity the system may output a‘hill identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified as a ‘hill’ is availablefor immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or keptlater for post workout analysis.

Long Climb

This activity is identified when the user of the system is (or has been)walking or running up a long hill. Therefore the activity is defined inessentially the same way as rolling hills and hills above, except theperiod threshold is replaced with a slope of more than 2 degrees beingmaintained for at least 410 seconds. A long climb is also defined is anincrease in altitude of more than 30 continuous meters (allowing foredge forgiveness).

The same stride rate or speed system can be used to determine whetherthe user is walking or not.

Upon identification of a long climb the system may output a ‘long climbidentified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified as a ‘long climb’ isavailable for immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback)or kept later for post workout analysis.

Fat Burning Zone/Fast Walking

This activity is identified when the user of the system is (or has been)walking at a fast pace. It is essentially the same as the easy walkingactivity except the algorithm thresholds associated with speed, heartrate and power are different. In the fast walking activity the speedthreshold may be 45-60% of AT speed as it is for power.

The heart rate threshold may be 60-70% of the Anaerobic Threshold heartrate calculated in the Heart Rate Calibration system previouslymentioned or 55-65% of maximum heart rate. Fast walking may be definedas the speed or heart rate equivalent of 5 to 6 on the User ratingsystem

The slope threshold that defines a fast walking terrain is set by thealgorithm as less than two degrees or less than 4% gradient (which isapproximately 2 degrees). Flat is defined as an upward slope of lessthan 2° (4% gradient where consistent altitude (allowing for EdgeForgiveness) cannot amount to more than a 6 meter altitude gain. Adownward slope of as much as −2° (−4% gradient) is allowed.

Upon identification of a fast walking activity the system may output a‘fat burning zone identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphicalmanner or any combination thereof. Within the streams of data recordedduring the activity or exercise the data now classified as a ‘fastwalking’ is available for immediate processing (and therefore ‘realtime’ feedback) or kept later for post workout analysis.

The direction that the user is moving in; forwards, backwards orlaterally can be determined by the system if the user has a digitalcompass fixed to their body as explained in Easy walking.

Low Speed—Run

This activity is defined when the user of the system is (or has been)running at a low speed. It is principally the same as fast walking andeasy walking in that it occurs on the flat. To determine flat, the slopethreshold that defines Low Speed Running terrain may be set by thealgorithm as less than two degrees or less than 4% gradient (which isapproximately 2 degrees) with no continuous ascent of more than 6 metersvertical altitude gain. A downward slope of as much as −8.5° (−16%gradient) may also be regarded as a low speed running activity as wouldany uphill that fails to qualify as a hill (less than a 6 meter climb).

The difference is primarily based on the fact that the speed is faster.This can be determined using any one or more of the three primaryintensity measurements—speed, heart rate and power.

The speed threshold/zone may be 60-90% of the Anaerobic threshold speedcalculated through the Speed Calibration system previously mentioned.

The heart rate threshold may be 70-80% of the Anaerobic Threshold heartrate calculated in the Heart Rate Calibration system previouslymentioned (65-75% of Heart rate maximum)

The power threshold may be 60-90% of Anaerobic Threshold powercalculated using the Power Calibration system previously mentioned.

Alternatively or in addition, low Speed Running may be defined as thespeed or heart rate equivalent of 6.5 to 7.5 on the User rating system

Stride rate may also be used particularly for defining low speed runningwhen heart rate is the primary intensity measure. The stride ratethreshold may be greater than 66 steps (as defined by a complete leftright footfall cycle) per minute to indicate that the user it notwalking or standing still.

The direction that the user is moving in; forwards, backwards orlaterally can be determined if the user has a digital compass fixed totheir body as explained in Easy walking.

Upon identification of a low speed running activity the system mayoutput a ‘low speed running identified’ signal in text, auditory orgraphical manner or any combination thereof. Within the streams of datarecorded during the activity or exercise the data now classified as a‘low speed running’ is available for immediate processing (and therefore‘real time’ feedback) or kept later for post workout analysis.

High Speed Run

High Speed Running may be the same as low speed running except thethreshold zones change for speed, heart rate and power.

The speed threshold/zone may be 90-95% of the Anaerobic threshold speedcalculated through the Speed Calibration system previously mentioned.

The heart rate threshold may be 80-90% of the Anaerobic Threshold heartrate calculated in the Heart Rate Calibration system previouslymentioned (75-85% of maximum heart rate).

The power threshold may be 90-95% of Anaerobic Threshold powercalculated using the Power Calibration system previously mentioned.

Additionally or alternatively, High Speed Running may be defined as thespeed or heart rate equivalent of 7.5 to 8.5 on the User rating system.

High speed running may output a ‘high speed running identified’ signalin text, auditory or graphical manner or any combination thereof. Withinthe streams of data recorded during the activity or exercise the datanow classified as a ‘high speed running’ is available for immediateprocessing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept later for postworkout analysis.

Out of Zone: Too Fast

Any speed, heart rate or power recorded on the flat that exceeds thehigh speed running criteria is regarded and classified as ‘Out of Zone,Too Fast’ and may output an ‘Out of Zone, Too Fast’ signal in text,auditory or graphical manner or any combination thereof. Within thestreams of data recorded during the activity or exercise the data nowcategorised as a ‘Out of Zone, Too Fast’ is available for immediateprocessing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept later for postworkout analysis.

The parameters (mainly effort and terrain in this case) that are used todetermine the above classified activities aid the system in defining theactivities. They provide a way of separating out the data within theactivity session. This data may include many data streams of which onlytwo in this case (terrain and effort data streams) are required toclassify the data. More data streams may be captured during the activityperiod and a combination or all of these data streams may be then usedin processing once the activity is determined and for creating‘feedback’ to the user.

Non Specific Movement

Non specific movement assesses situations where the user is neitherwalking nor running and not stationary. The parameters assessed by thesystem to determine the classification are: effort (heart rate),postural status and stride rate. Speed and power are secondary measures.

Non Specific Movement—Moderate Activity

Heart rate may be greater than 45% but less than 55% of AT heart rate(greater than 37% but less than 60% of maximum heart rate).

Speed may be greater than 2 km/hr but less than 6 km/hr andmovements/impacts/stride rate may be less than 40 strides per minutewith poor time uniformity.

The user should be upright as assessed by a multi axis accelerometer.

Non Specific Movement—High Activity

Non Specific Movement—High Activity is the same as the Non SpecificMovement—Moderate Activity classification except the intensity ishigher.

Heart rate may be greater than 55% but less than 70% of AT heart rate(greater than 55% but less than 65% of maximum heart rate).Impacts/movements/stride rate is 40-60.

Non Specific Movement—Very High Activity

Non Specific Movement—Very High Activity is the same as the Non SpecificMovement—Moderate Activity classification except the intensity ishigher.

Heart rate may be greater than 70% of AT heart rate (greater than 65% ofmaximum heart rate). Speed may be greater than 2 km/hr but less than 6km/hr and movements/impacts/stride rate may be greater than 60 stridesper minute with poor time uniformity.

It is preferred that for any of the above activities, in addition toeffort and terrain data, other data such as elapsed time, time,location, distance, altitude, gradient or slope, steps, gait analysis(including heaviness of footfall—higher force accelerometer data orlimping—high contrasts in force measured through an accelerometer forright leg footfall versus left.) power, heart rate, R-R (or HRV) ECG,blood pressure, pulse oxymetry, body temperature, glucose andcholesterol levels are also monitored to be processed as part of thedata relating to the classified activity. Other data may also beincluded such as environmental temperature, humidity, heat index andwind chill, water temperature, wind speeds, weather conditions (rain,snow, fine) and forecast, gas (nitrogen, oxygen etc) concentrations inthe air, locations of other users (including information about theiractivities), location of resources, location of an object or incident,goal targets or mission objectives, direction the user is facing ormoving (backwards, forwards, lateral) which may be determined throughportable sensors or accessed from another source. This aids ininterpretation of the compliance level of the activity for example witha preset plan and in providing future guidance/advice in general.

Note that the above defined activities are the same for both activitystatus monitoring and weight loss categories.

3.5.2 Activity Status Monitoring—Specialised

Table 2 shows an exemplary classification system for an activity statusmonitoring category (the general activities being the same as thosedefined under weight loss and as shown in Table 1).

Activity status monitoring may be used for specialised Military, Police,Fire or Rescue services etc applications. The following is definitionsof the specialised activities under activity status monitoring (generalactivities being defined in the previous weight loss classificationsection).

Sprint—Flat

A sprint is moving at a speed just above a high speed run. If a sprintis used to monitor activity then the ‘Out of Zone, Too Fast’classification may not be used. Sprinting is determined by exceeding101% of AT speed, exceeding 101% of AT heart rate or 95% of maximumheart rate and/or exceeding 105% of AT power.

Additionally or alternatively, the Sprint Running threshold may be thespeed, power or heart rate equivalent of 9 to 10 on the User ratingsystem

To determine flat, the slope threshold that defines Sprint Runningterrain is set by the algorithm for Flat which is defined as an upwardslope of less than 2° (4% gradient where consistent altitude (preferablyallowing for Edge Forgiveness) cannot amount to more than a 6 meteraltitude gain). A downward slope of as much as −2° (−4% gradient) may beallowed.

Upon identification of a sprint running activity the system may output a‘sprint running identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manneror any combination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded duringthe activity or exercise the data now classified as ‘sprint running’ isavailable for immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback)or kept later for post workout analysis.

Sprint Hill

Sprint hills is the same as Sprint Flat except the slope must be greaterthan 2 degrees or 4% gradient (allowing for edge forgiveness of 9 secs).

Sprint Running may be defined as the power or heart rate equivalent of 9to 10 on the User rating system as opposed to speed due to going uphill.

Upon identification of a sprint hill activity the system may output a‘sprint hill identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manner orany combination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified as ‘sprint hill’ isavailable for immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback)or kept later for post workout analysis.

Crawling

Crawling is the same as Inactive Prone in that sensors indicate that theusers torso is prone but a smoothed speed (over 15 secs for example)greater than 2 km/hr and/or a power greater than 25 watts is required toindicate that the user is moving.

If movement detected is combined with ‘prone’ accelerometer data, thismay indicate that a solider is crawling for example.

The direction that the user is moving in; forwards, backwards orlaterally can be determined if the user has a digital compass fixed totheir body as explained in Easy walking.

Upon identification of a crawling activity the system may output a‘Crawling identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manner orany combination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified as ‘crawling’ is availablefor immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or keptlater for post workout analysis.

Climbing

Climbing is the same as Inactive Prone but smoothed speed is less than 3km/hr and vertical meters ascended must exceed 2 vertical meters with agradient of greater than 15% or 8 degrees.

Upon identification of a climbing activity the system may output a‘Climbing identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manner orany combination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified as ‘climbing’ is availablefor immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or keptlater for post workout analysis.

Descent

Descent is exactly the same as Climbing but vertical meters descendedmust exceed 2 vertical meters with a gradient of greater than 15% or 8degrees.

Upon identification of a descent activity the system may output a‘Descent identified’ signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified as ‘descent’ is availablefor immediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or keptlater for post workout analysis.

It is preferred that for any of the above specialised activities, inaddition to effort and altitude/terrain data, other data such as elapsedtime, time, location, distance, altitude, gradient or slope, steps, gaitanalysis (including heaviness of footfall—higher force accelerometerdata or limping—high contrasts in force measured through anaccelerometer for right leg footfall versus left.) power, heart rate,R-R (or HRV) ECG, blood pressure, pulse oxymetry, body temperature,glucose and cholesterol levels are also monitored to be processed aspart of the data relating to the classified activity. Other data mayalso be included such as environmental temperature, humidity, heat indexand wind chill, water temperature, wind speeds, weather conditions(rain, snow, fine), gas (nitrogen, oxygen etc) concentrations in theair, locations of other users (including information about theiractivities), location of resources, location of an object or incident,goal targets or mission objectives, direction the user is facing ormoving (backwards, forwards, lateral) which may be determined throughportable sensors or accessed from another source. This aids ininterpretation of the compliance level of the activity for example witha preset plan and in providing future guidance/advice in general.

There are many other possible permutations for training types and bystating the following this does not mean that these are the onlypossible activities within activity status monitoring that can beclassified.

3.5.3 Running Classification System

Table 3 shows an exemplary classification system for a running categoryas defined below. To be able to analyse an individual's activity inrunning, terrain is a requirement in the preferred embodiment. If therunner is running slowly, this could be due to fatigue or due to thefact that they are running up a hill, without terrain it is difficult toeffectively analyse the situation. Therefore, for the preferredembodiment the system uses terrain as a primary parameter in classifyingall types of running.

In each case when the classifications defined below are identified,including effort and terrain data, other data such as elapsed time,time, location, distance, altitude, gradient or slope, steps gaitanalysis (including heaviness of footfall—higher force accelerometerdata or limping—high contrasts in force measured through anaccelerometer for right leg footfall versus left.), power, heart rate,R-R (or HRV) ECG, blood pressure, body temperature, glucose andcholesterol levels are also monitored to be processed as part of thedata relating to the classified activity. Other data may also beincluded such as environmental temperature, humidity, wind speeds,weather conditions (rain, snow, fine) heat index and wind chill, pulseoxymetry, gas (nitrogen, oxygen etc) concentrations in the air, whichmay be determined through portable sensors or accessed from anothersource. This aids in interpretation of the compliance level of theactivity for example with a preset plan and in providing futureguidance/advice in general.

Upon identification of a classified activity the system may output aidentification signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified and is available forimmediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept laterfor post workout analysis.

Each of the following classifications may include stride rate as a3^(rd) parameter for classification. In each case stride rate should beabove 66 strides per minute to ensure the user is actually running(especially where heart rate is used as the primary measure).

Inactive

Inactive is exactly the same as Inactive Upright in the WeightLoss/Activity Status Monitoring Section (3.5.1).

Easy

Easy has a similar definition as Low Speed Running in the WeightLoss/Activity Status Monitoring Section (3.5.1). All data collected whendescending (altitude is decreasing or slope/gradient is negative) in aworkout is collected as easy and so is all data that is uphill but failsto become classified as a form of hill. Descending could form a separateclassification.

Rolling Hills

Hill training in general improves the strength endurance of a runner.Rolling Hills has exactly the same definition as Rolling Hills forWalking except in this case the user is running. It is also possiblethat Rolling Hills Walking and Rolling Hills Running both be used in theRunning Classification system with rolling hills walking being under 7km/hr (or the power calculation for the same speed based on a person'sweight and the slope of the hill).

Hills

Hills are exactly the same as Hills under walking in the WeightLoss/Activity Status Monitoring Section (3.5.1). Except in the runningconfiguration the user would be running. As with Rolling Hills abovethere could be delineation between walking and running hills in thisembodiment using the same thresholds as Rolling Hills.

Long Climb

Long climbs have the same definition as for long climbs in the ActivityStatus Monitoring section except the user is running. Once again theremight be a walking and running classification for long climbs using thesame thresholds as in rolling hills above.

Hill Efforts

Hill efforts are designed to improve the power of a runner, i.e. theirstrength at a particular speed. Hill Efforts are very much like RollingHills with two exceptions, the slope of the hill required is specificand as is the speed. The hill should have a slope of between 2 and 4°(4-7% gradient). The intensity level should be 80-90% of AT heart rate,75-85% of maximum heart rate, 90-95% of AT speed and/or 95-105% ATpower. Hill Effort running is the speed, power or heart rate equivalentof 7.5 to 8.5 on the User rating system. Hill Efforts may deviate inintensity from this basic premise depending on the trainingrequirements.

Up Tempo

The effort/speed associated with this activity simulates half marathonrace pace and is used to help adapt runners to the speed. Up Tempo isexactly the same as High Speed Running in the Activity Status Monitoringsection except the intensity is modified. The intensity is theequivalent of 90 to 95% of AT speed and power or 80 to 90% of AT heartrate which equates to 75 to 85% of maximum heart rate. The User ratingcalibration would provide speeds or heart rates equivalent of 7.5 to 8.5out of 10 (with 10 being maximum effort).

Anaerobic Threshold

Anaerobic Threshold is very similar to 10 km race pace and is slightlyhigher than Up Tempo in that the speed should be between 95 to 105% A ofAT speed or AT power and/or heart rate should be between 99 and 101% ofAT heart rate which translates roughly to 85 to 95% of Maximum HeartRate. Anaerobic Threshold Running is the speed, power or heart rateequivalent of 9 on the User rating system (speeds, heart rates or powerare therefore calculated between 8.5 and 9.5 to form a zone).

To determine flat, the slope threshold that defines Low Speed, Up Tempo,and Anaerobic Threshold Running, sprint and race pace terrain is set bythe algorithm as less than two degrees or less than 4% gradient (whichis approximately 2 degrees). The upward slope cannot amount to more thana continuous 6 meter altitude gain. A downward slope of as much as −2°(−4% gradient) is allowed

Sprint

Sprinting is used to prepare the runner for surges, starts or sprintfinishes when racing and is classified in the same way as Sprint Flat inthe Activity Status Monitoring section.

Overspeed

Overspeed is a training task used to improve the leg speed and fluidityof a runner's gait. The key in this case is that the runner is runningslightly downhill to gain more speed which drives their leg turnover upincreasing stride rate.

The slope can be less than −2 degrees (−4% gradient) but no less than −4degrees (−7% gradient). In the preferred embodiment stride rate(measured through a pedometer) would be the same as that of 5% higherthan AT stride rate. Speed should be 100-105% of AT speed or the powerequivalent talking into account speed, body weight and slope. Heart Rateis not used for this classification.

Race Pace

Race Pace may vary in relation to the event the user is racing in.

Bonus speed In extra effort that is not planned for a workout butaccidently or deliberately done (whether this is recorded in terms ofheart rate, speed or power) is collected as bonus or out of zone speed.

For example a runner may meet a friend and have quite a competitiveworkout which includes speedwork that was not planned. In the preferredembodiment, out of zone data is collected specific to the classificationthat it matches but if it is not planned in the exercise session it isclassed as bonus data.

There are many other possible permutations for training types and bystating the following this does not mean that these are the onlypossible activities within running that can be classified.

Furthermore, the running classification can also be used for crosscountry skiing or skating or with the absence of rolling hills, hills,long climbs and hill efforts for ice skating.

3.5.4 Cycling Classification System

Table 4 shows an exemplary classification system for a cycling categoryas defined below. Cycling like running preferably requires knowledge ofthe terrain that the user is on during each part of the workout.

Cycling in the preferred system is broken down into the followingclassifications; Easy, Rolling Hills, Hills, Long Climbs, Hill Spinning,Hill Efforts, Flat Big Gear, Big Gear Time Trial, Up Tempo, AnaerobicThreshold, Power, Sprint and Overspeed.

There are many other possible permutations for training types and bystating the following this does not mean that these are the onlypossible activities within cycling that can be classified.

Heart rate and power are preferred for determining intensity as speed ismore susceptible to environmental conditions.

Other derivatives of exercise not mentioned in the following body oftext may also be used to determine alternative classifications to thosementioned.

In each case when the classifications defined below are identified,including effort and terrain data, other data such as elapsed time,time, location, distance, altitude, gradient or slope, poor techniqueand pedalling technique analysis (including variations in the fluidityof the pedal stroke—variable force data within a pedal stroke orstrength imbalances—high contrasts in force for right leg versus left,VERTICAL, tangential, radial forces.), power, heart rate, R-R (or HRV)ECG, blood pressure, body temperature, glucose and cholesterol levelsare also monitored to be processed as part of the data relating to theclassified activity. Other data may also be included such asenvironmental temperature, humidity, heat index, wind chill, windspeeds, weather conditions (rain, snow, fine) heat index and wind chill,pulse oxymetry, gas (nitrogen, oxygen etc) concentrations in the air,which may be determined through portable sensors or accessed fromanother source. This aids in interpretation of the compliance level ofthe activity for example with a preset plan and in providing futureguidance/advice in general.

Upon identification of a classified activity the system may output aidentification signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified and is available forimmediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept laterfor post workout analysis.

Inactive

Inactive is classified if the cycle speed is under 2 km/hr for more than15 seconds and/or when power is below 25 watts for the same period.Heart rate would be below 60% of AT heart rate (below 70% of maximumheart rate.)

Easy

‘Easy’ can be defined by intensity (speed, heart rate or power) andterrain, or by intensity, terrain and cadence (pedal revolutions orturnover). ‘Easy’ uses the same percentage heart rates and speeds asused in easy running.

To be classified as ‘Easy’ the cyclist must be riding on the flat whichas previously defined is a slope threshold set by the algorithm of lessthan two degrees or less than 4% gradient (which is approximately 2degrees). It is also defined as no more than a continuous increase of 6meters vertical ascent climbing (preferably allowing for edgeforgiveness). A downward slope of as much as −8.5° (−16% gradient) isallowed as would any uphill that fails to qualify as a hill (less than a6 meter climb).

As with easy running all descending down hills are also classed as easyas is any uphill riding that does not fall into one of the hill climbingclassifications (Rolling hills, hills, long climb, hill spinning andhill efforts).

So to be classified as Easy the cyclist must be at a speed of 65-90% ofAT speed, or a heart rate of 70 to 80% of AT heart rate (65-75% ofmaximum heart rate) or 65-90% of AT power or any combination thereof.

In the preferred embodiment cadence is included as a classificationparameter, and is preferably 90 to 105 revolutions per minute for a roadcyclist, 85 to 95 pedal revolutions each minute for Time trialling,triathlon and mountain biking and 80 to 95 pedal revolutions per minutefor recreational ‘fitness’ cyclists.

For example, a road cyclist riding on a 1 degree slope that has notascended continuously and vertically for more than 6 meters at a heartrate of 80% of AT heart rate and at a cadence of 95 pedal revolutionsper minute is classified as doing Easy exercise.

Rolling Hills

Rolling Hills may be established in exactly the same way as it is forrunning Rolling Hills.

Hills

Hills may also be classified in exactly the same way as running Hills.

Long Climbs

Long climbs may also be classified in the same way as running LongClimbs.

Hill Spinning

Hill Spinning is the same as hills and hills long climb in that thevertical meters ascended for a hill need to be above 20 meters but eachhill ascended also requires an average cadence above 70 pedalrevolutions per minute during the climb.

Hill Efforts

Hill efforts are very similar to hill efforts in running in that thegradient is shallow. The hill needs to have a slope of between 2 and 4°(4-7% gradient) and an intensity of 80-90% of AT heart rate, 75-85% ofmaximum heart rate, 90-95% of AT speed or 95-105% AT power or anycombination thereof is required. Hill Effort Running is the speed, poweror heart rate equivalent of 7.5 to 8.5 on the User rating system. HillEfforts may deviate in intensity from this basic premise depending onthe training requirements.

Flat Big Gear

Flat big gear is where a cyclist trains in a big gear to improvestrength endurance on flat terrain. The flat terrain definition ispreferably the same as has been used throughout this document. Todetermine flat, the slope threshold that defines Flat Big Gear terrainis set by the algorithm as less than two degrees or less than 4%gradient (which is approximately 2 degrees) with no continuous ascent ofmore than 6 meters vertical altitude gain. A downward slope of as muchas −2° (−4% gradient) is allowed.

The gear size needs to be determined to make sure the gearing iscorrect. This can be achieved by measuring which gear the user is indirectly or indirectly by using distance travelled per pedal revolutionor a combination of an intensity parameter (heart rate, power or speed)and a leg turnover parameter which in this case would be pedal cadence.

There are preferably two methods for determining this classifiedactivity:

-   -   1. In the first embodiment, intensity (heart rate, power or        speed) and cadence is used. An Easy intensity on the flat but a        low pedal cadence indicates that the user is in a big gear.        Therefore the intensity for the Flat Big Gear is Easy which        equates to 70-80% of AT heart rate (65 to 75% of maximum heart        rate) and 65 to 90% of AT power (65-90% of AT speed). The        cadence in all cases is 65 to 75 pedal revolutions per minute.    -   2. In the second embodiment intensity (heart rate, power or        speed), pedal cadence and distance travelled per pedal turnover        are used. The intensity is the same as described above as is the        pedal cadence. Distance per Turnover needs to be established        based on a Distance per Turnover calibration method which is        exactly the same as power and heart rate calibration methods        giving a Flat Big Gear Distance per Turnover of 85 to 130% of AT        turnover.

Big Gear Time Trial

A Big Gear Time Trial is very similar to Flat Big Gear and is used totrain the cyclist's strength and speed following on from Flat Big Geartraining. Big Gear Time Trials are carried out on the flat and at apedal cadence of 65 to 75 pedal revolutions per minute. The fundamentaldifference between Flat Big Gear and Big Gear Time Trials is theintensity in Big Gear Time Trials are slightly higher. Once again thereare preferably two methods of classifying this activity:

-   -   1. In one embodiment, the intensity for Big Gear Time Trials is        80 to 90% of AT heart rate (75 to 85% of maximum heart rate) and        90 to 120% of AT power. (90 to 105% of AT speed.) with a cadence        of 65 to 75 pedal revolutions per minute.    -   2. In a second embodiment, the method uses intensity and cadence        as mentioned above and includes distance per turnover of 100 to        130% of AT Distance per Turnover.

Up Tempo

Up Tempo is exactly the same as Up Tempo running from an intensity pointof view and is conducted on the flat. The only addition may be pedalcadence which would preferably be at 90 to 105 revolutions per minutefor a road cyclist, 85 to 95 pedal revolutions each minute for Timetrialling, triathlon and mountain biking and 80 to 95 pedal revolutionsper minute for recreational ‘fitness’ cyclists.

Anaerobic Threshold

Anaerobic threshold is the same as Anaerobic Threshold for running inthat it is on the flat at the same calculated intensities. Once againcadence may be a third parameter where the pedal turnover is preferably90 to 105 revolutions per minute for a road cyclist, 85 to 95 pedalrevolutions each minute for Time trialling, triathlon and mountainbiking and 80 to 95 pedal revolutions per minute for recreational‘fitness’ cyclists.

Power

Power is a form of sprint cycling used to train the cyclist for lowspeed ‘jumps’ to shake a competitor off their wheel or to out sprintthem in a finish where several riders have escaped the field and thereare ‘cat and mouse’ tactics near the finish line. Power is defined as anintensity of greater than 133% of AT power and a cadence of 70 to 95pedal revolutions per minute on the flat. It can also be defined as aspeed change from 20 km/hr to AT speed in under 20 seconds at a cadenceof 70 to 95 pedal revolutions per minute, or defined by a heart ratechange of more than 15% of AT heart rate in 20 seconds at a cadence of70 to 95 pedal revolutions per minute, both being on the flat. Flat isdefined as an upward slope of less than 2° (4% gradient where consistentaltitude (allowing for Edge Forgiveness) cannot amount to more than acontinuous 6 meter altitude gain. A downward slope of as much as −2°(−4% gradient) is allowed.

Sprint

Sprinting is the same as power except the starting speed is higher andthe cadence is also higher. It is also performed on the flat. Sprintingis designed to train a cyclist for a final sprint in a cycle race wherethe rider is at maximum effort sprinting for the line. Sprinting can bedefined as an intensity where the power is greater than 133% of AT powerat a cadence of 95-110 pedal revolutions per minute and can also bedefined as a speed greater than 106% of AT speed at a cadence of 95 to110 pedal revolutions per minute on flat terrain. It can also be definedas a heart rate of greater than 101% of AT heart rate (95% of maximumheart rate) at a pedal cadence of 95 to 110 revs per minute on flatterrain. Flat is defined as an upward slope of less than 2° (4% gradientwhere consistent altitude (allowing for Edge Forgiveness) cannot amountto more than a continuous 6 meter altitude gain. A downward slope of asmuch as −2° (−4% gradient) is allowed. Cadence may vary from the abovedepending on the user; for example are creational user cadence isgenerally 80-95 rpm and triathlete or mountain biker cadence isgenerally 85-95 rpm.

Overspeed

Overspeed is designed to improve leg speed which boosts the fluidity ofa cyclists pedalling technique and also gives them a greater ‘powerband’ from a cadence point of view when riding. Overspeed is primarilydescribed by pedal cadence and terrain. The pedal cadence must exceed111 pedal revolutions per minute and the terrain must be flat orslightly downhill. This is defined as a slope of less than 0° (0%gradient where consistent altitude and a downward slope of as much as−4° (−6% gradient) is allowed. Power, heart rate and speed are notprimary parameters for this activity.

Bonus Speed

In extra effort that is not planned for a workout but accidently ordeliberately done whether this is recorded in terms of heart rate, speedor power is collected as bonus or out of zone speed.

For example a cyclist may meet a friend and have quite a competitiveworkout which includes speedwork that was not planned. Out of zone datais collected specific to the classification that it matches but if it isnot planned in the exercise session it is classed as bonus data.

Race Pace

Race Pace varies in relation to the event the user is racing in.

3.5.5 Rowing and Kayaking

Table 5 shows an exemplary classification system for a rowing/kayakingcategory as defined below. Rowing and kayaking are grouped togetherbecause the main component of speed for both sports is the distance perstroke in the water multiplied by the stroke rate.

In this case terrain is not a factor, so stroke rate is substituted asthe resistance component. Usually a combination of intensity and strokerate will describe distance per stroke relatively reliably.Alternatively distance per stroke could be used but this is harder tomeasure for use as it is affected by moving water whether this is waterflowing down a river or tides and currents.

Rowing and Kayaking have the following classifications: Inactive, Easy,Slow Full Pressure, Tempo Load, Up Tempo, Anaerobic Threshold, Startsand Moves and Out Of Zone.

Other derivatives of exercise not mentioned in the following body oftext may also be used to determine alternative classifications to thosementioned.

In each case when the classifications defined below are identified,including effort and stroke rate data, other data such as elapsed time,time, location, distance, altitude, gradient or slope, poor technique(including variations in the fluidity of the pedal stroke—variable forcedata within a stroke or strength imbalances—high contrasts in leg driveforce for right leg versus left, right versus left arm in sculling.),power, heart rate, R-R (or HRV) ECG, blood pressure, body temperature,glucose and cholesterol levels are also monitored to be processed aspart of the data relating to the classified activity. Other data mayalso be included such as environmental temperature, water temperature,humidity, heat index, wind chill, wind speeds, weather conditions (rain,snow, fine) heat index and wind chill, pulse oxymetry, gas (nitrogen,oxygen etc) concentrations in the air, which may be determined throughportable sensors or accessed from another source. This aids ininterpretation of the compliance level of the activity for example witha preset plan and in providing future guidance/advice in general.

Upon identification of a classified activity the system may output aidentification signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data now classified and is available forimmediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept laterfor post workout analysis.

There are many other possible permutations for training types and bystating the following this does not mean that these are the onlypossible activities within rowing or kayak training that can beclassified.

Inactive

Inactive is classified if the rowing/kayaking speed is under 2 km/hr formore than 15 seconds or when power is below 25 watts for the same. Heartrate would be below 45% of AT heart rate (below 45% of maximum heartrate.)

Easy

Easy is defined using a combination of intensity and stroke rate. Theintensity is 70 to 80% of AT heart rate, (65 to 75% of maximum heartrate), and/or 65 to 90% of AT power or speed. The stroke rate is 18 to22 strokes per minute (stroke rate can vary depending on the skiff beingrowed—e.g. an 8 will tend to have slightly higher stroke rates than apair for example). This is 6 to 7.5 in a user rating scale.

Slow Full Pressure

Slow Full Pressure is a type of strength endurance training whichinvolves high muscular load with relatively low cardiovascular load.Slow Full Pressure is classified as 70 to 80% of AT heart rate (65 to75% of maximum heart rate) at a speed or power of 80 to 93% of AT speedor power respectively. The stroke rate is 18 to 22 strokes per minute. 7to 8 on the user rating scale.

Tempo Load

Tempo Load is designed to promote power or fast strength and is aslightly more intense version of Slow Full Pressure where the intensityis slightly increased. This has a intensity of 80 to 90% of AT heartrate (75 to 85% of maximum heart rate) for a power or speed of 90 to 93%of AT speed and 90-103% AT power. Stroke rate is 18 to 22 strokes perminute (but can be set slightly higher initially) and the user ratingscale would be 7.5 to 8.5.

Up Tempo

Up Tempo is the transitional training from strength endurance trainingto speed and is similar to Tempo Load but uses a higher stroke rate. UpTempo is the same as other Up Tempo classifications already stated inthis document in that it is 80 to 90% of AT heart rate (75 to 85% ofmaximum heart rate) and/or 90 to 93% of AT power or speed. Stroke rateconforms more closely to race pace stroke rates. The user rating is 7.5to 8.5 and the stroke rate required is 23 to 32 strokes per minute.

Anaerobic Threshold

Anaerobic Threshold begins to condition the rower to race pace and is aslightly higher intensity being 99 to 101% of AT heart rate (85 to 95%of maximum heart rate) and/or 93 to 105% of AT power and speed. Thestroke rate moves up again to 33 to 35 strokes per minute. This ratingon the user scale is 8.5 to 9.5.

Race Pace

Race Pace may vary in relation to the event the user is racing in.

Starts

Starts are used to improve the ‘off the line’ ability in a rowing startwhich can be quite crucial. This is where a rower moves from stationaryto anaerobic threshold pace. So the definition of a start is from nospeed or power (or very little, less than 2 km/hr) to 95 to 105% of ATspeed or power or from Easy heart rate of less than 75% of AT heart rate(less than 65% of maximum heart rate) to AT heart rate being (99 to 101%of AT heart rate (85 to 95% of maximum heart rate). Stroke rate movesfrom zero to race pace stroke rate of preferably greater than 34 strokesper minute. The user rating is 9 or greater.

Moves

Moves are brief short bursts of race pace or slightly higher efforts.The intensity is usually greater than 101% of AT heart rate (95% ofmaximum heart rate) and greater than 105% of AT power or speed. Thestroke rate is preferably greater 34 strokes per minute. The user ratingis 9 or greater.

Bonus speed Any extra effort that is not planned for a workout butaccidently or deliberately done whether this is recorded in terms ofheart rate, speed or power is collected as bonus or out of zone speed.

For example a rower may meet someone else out on the water and racethem, resulting in quite a competitive workout which includes speedworkthat was not planned. Out of zone data is collected specific to theclassification that it matches but if it is not planned in the activitysession it is classed as bonus data.

3.5.6 Field Sports

Table 6 shows an exemplary classification system for a field sportscategory as defined below. Field sports are usually about ability to getinto position and the ability to out accelerate your opponents thereforeunderstanding and therefore classifying field position and speed for afield sports is useful.

Field and larger court sports break down into 0 to 5 meter speed, 5 to10 meter speed, 10 to 20 meter speed, 20 to 40 meter speed and finally40+ meter speed all of which can be analysed from a more or lessstationary start or moving start. There are several non sprintingclassifications which include tempo speed, jogging speed, walking,stationary and jumping. This information can be measured versuslocation.

Location:

It is useful to know where on a competition field each activity tookplace. Referring to FIGS. 18a-c , a field can be broken up intopreselected zones to measure activity within. Activities like sprints,jogging, standing, tackles and going to ground are logged in relation toa specific area within the playing field. For example a soccer field canbe divided into thirds laterally (FIG. 11a ), being an attacking third10 a, midfield third 10 b and defensive third 10 c. There may also be an18 yard (depth of the penalty box) area. This can also be furthersegregated into longitudinal locations being centre field 10 e, left 10d and right flanks 10 f creating a series of 9 quadrants (FIG. 11b ).This can be further broken up into tighter quadrants 12 for more intenseanalysis (FIG. 11c ). The number of quadrants (zones) is dependent onthe application and the above examples are not intended to be limiting.The shape of the zones can also be altered if desired.

Parameters:

The following parameters are used to classify data within a game orpractice.

Speed and Power are the primary intensity parameters with power inferredfrom speed and body weight being the preferred embodiment. The secondarymeasure is location (in zones or quadrants). Other measures includealtitude to determine whether the player is upright, lying on the groundor jumping. Another parameter is an ability to determine whether aplayer is upright or ‘on the ground’ using a multi axis accelerometer.Stride rate is also a preferred secondary measure in some classifiedactivities.

Field sports involve a multi parameter classification in the followingway. Speed or power (or possibly heart rate) is combined with one ormany of the following including stride rate, direction the user isfacing, location on the field, elapsed time in the game, impacts,upright versus prone, and/or altitude.

In one embodiment, speed is obtained through accelerometer, GPS,transmitter to transceiver/receiver triangulation (similar to indoorlocation systems) or video motion capture. Stride rate is obtained fromthe combined time and impacts measured through an accelerometer. Thedirection the user is facing is obtained through a digital compass.Location can be obtained by GPS, transmitter to transceiver/receivertriangulation or video motion capture systems. Altitude for measurementof jumping and ‘going to ground’ is obtained by barometer or betterstill by transmitter to transceiver/receiver triangulation. Tackles aremeasured in G's using an accelerometer. ‘Going to ground’ or lying downcan also be measured with a multi axis accelerometer fixed to a player.

In each case when the classifications defined below are identified,other data such as elapsed time, time, location, distance, altitude,poor technique (including variations in left and right legstride—including right leg versus left strength imbalances, runningtechnique issues, foot contact time, stride length, stride rate, forceof foot), power, heart rate, R-R (or HRV) ECG, upright/prone, impacts,body temperature may also be monitored to be processed as part of thedata relating to the classified activity. Other data may also beincluded such as environmental temperature, humidity, heat index, windchill, wind speeds, weather conditions (rain, snow, fine) heat index andwind chill, pulse oxymetry, location of other users, location of theball or puck, which may be determined through portable sensors oraccessed from another source. This aids in interpretation of theperformance level of the activity and in providing futureguidance/advice.

Upon identification of a classified activity the system may output anidentification signal in text, auditory or graphical manner or anycombination thereof. Within the streams of data recorded during theactivity or exercise the data is now categorised and is available forimmediate processing (and therefore ‘real time’ feedback) or kept laterfor post workout analysis.

These segments of different activity types within a game/practice withall the data streams captured within the segment allows for much easierand more intense analysis of a players physiological profile andrequirements.

20 meter ‘flying start’ sprint segments for an inside back (first ⅝'s inRugby Union) can be analysed versus a benchmark profile of aninternational ‘champion’ player as an ideal. Data such as stride rateand stride length may determine that the reason the player is havingdifficulty accelerating is that they are over striding in the fewstrides versus the benchmark profile. It may be determined that a playerhas international champion level aerobic (jog/running) ability and goodextended sprints (20-40 meters) but lacks shorter sprinting ability(5-15 meters) which would diagnose that the player needed to work ontheir shorter sprints training or that the coach would reassign theplayer to a position more suited to their physiology.

All the following multi parameter classifications combine speed/powerwith time and/or location. Some will include direction the user isfacing, stride rate, upright/prone, impacts, and altitude. Eachclassification uses a distance that the data is captured in. Locationcan be defined as the attacking third of the field, midfield anddefensive third of the field but can be further divided into left flank,right flank and centre field as shown in FIG. 11b . This creates 9quadrants where data can be classified being: attacking left flank 10ad, attacking right flank 10 af, attacking centerfield 10 ae, let flankmidfield 10 bd, centre midfield 10 be and right flank midfield 10 bf anddefensive left flank 10 cd, defensive right flank 10 cf and defensivecenterfield 10 ce. Further areas include penalty box, centre left andcentre right both being classifications within centre field or goal leftflank, goal right flank.

‘Game’ as referred to in the classifications below is intended to meandata that is taken from a game or multiple games of rugby, soccer,hockey etc (i.e. competition data).

Stationary—Upright

Stationary is the same as Inactive Upright and is classified if thespeed is under 2 km/hr for more than 15 seconds or when power is below25 watts for the same. Location can be attacking left flank, attackingright flank, attacking centerfield, let flank midfield, centre midfieldand right flank midfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flankand defensive centerfield. Upright can be determined by a multi axisaccelerometer attached to the player or an altitude measure (ideallytransmitter to transceiver/receiver triangulation). Stride rate shouldbe less than 10 steps per minute.

Stationary—Prone

Stationary prone is used to determine if a player is on the ground withan injury or after a tackle for example. Stationary Prone utilises thesame system as used in Inactive Prone in the Activity Status monitoringsection where the user must be in a prone position for 0.5 secs or more.Location can be determined in the same way as ‘Stationary Upright’.Prone is determined by a multi axis accelerometer attached to the playeror an altitude measure (preferably via transmitter totransceiver/receiver triangulation).

0 to 5 Meter Power/Speed Moving

0 to 5 Meter Power/Speed is defined as being greater than 95% of thehighest historic game speed average over a distance of 5 or less meters.An initial speed of greater than 40% of highest current game or historicspeed for at least 10 seconds is also required. The percentages usedhave the flexibility to be adjusted by a coach or trainer orspeed/effort zones can be used instead.

Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank, attackingcenterfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and right flankmidfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank and defensivecenterfield.

0 to 5 Meter Power/Speed Stationary

This is exactly the same as 0 to 5 Meter Power/Speed moving except thatthe data is only captured if the power or speed is less than 40% ofhighest game historic power or speed average for at least 10 secondsimmediately before the sprint. The percentages can be adjusted.

Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank, attackingcenterfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and right flankmidfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank and defensivecenterfield. If Stride rate is used it is preferably to be less than 70strides per minute immediately before the sprint as well.

5 to 10 Meter Power/Speed Moving

This is defined as being greater than 90% highest game historic averagepower or speed for 5 to 10 meters. An initial power/speed of greaterthan 40% of highest current game or historic power or speed for at least10 seconds is also required. The percentages can be adjusted.

Location can be determined in the same way as ‘0 to 5 Meter Power/SpeedStationary’.

Stride rate is preferably higher than 70 strides per minute.

5 to 10 Meter Power/Speed Stationary

Data is captured only if power/speed is greater than 90% highest gamehistoric power or speed average for 5 to 10 meters and the initial poweror speed immediately before the sprint is greater than 40% of highestcurrent game or historic power or speed for at least 10 seconds. Thepercentages used have the flexibility to be adjusted by a coach ortrainer or speed/effort zones can be used instead. Location can beattacking left flank, attacking right flank, attacking centerfield, letflank midfield, centre midfield and right flank midfield and defensiveleft flank, defensive right flank and defensive centerfield. If Striderate is used it is preferably less than 70 strides per minuteimmediately before the sprint as well.

10 to 20 Meter Power/Speed Moving

This is the same as the 5 to 10 Meter Speed Moving description exceptthat the power or speed is defined as greater than 85% highest gamehistoric average power or speed for 10 to 20 meters. An initialpower/speed of greater than 40% of highest current game or historicpower or speed for at least 10 seconds is also required. The percentagesused have the flexibility to be adjusted by a coach or trainer orspeed/effort zones can be used instead.

Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank, attackingcenterfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and right flankmidfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank and defensivecenterfield. Stride rate is preferably above 70 strides per minute.

10 to 20 Meter Power/Speed Stationary

10 to 20 Meter Power/Speed Stationary Data is recorded only ifpower/speed is greater than 85% highest current game or historic poweror speed for 10 to 20 meters and the initial power or speed immediatelybefore the sprint is greater than 40% of highest average game historicpower or speed for at least 10 seconds. the percentages can be adjusted.Location can be determined in the same way as ‘10 to 20 MeterPower/Speed Moving’. If stride rate it is preferably less than 70strides per minute immediately before the sprint as well.

20 to 40 Meters Power/Speed Moving

This is the same as the other Power/Speed Moving descriptions, exceptthe distance the sprint is measured over is longer and the intensity isslightly lower, preferably being greater than 80% of highest gamehistoric average for power/speed. The same definition for power or speedimmediately before the sprint applies. The percentages used have theflexibility to be adjusted by a coach or trainer or speed/effort zonescan be used instead.

Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank, attackingcenterfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and right flankmidfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank and defensivecenterfield.

20 to 40 Meters Power/Speed Stationary

Exactly the same as the 10 to 20 meter definition except the speedversus highest game historic power or speed average is 80%. Thepercentages can be adjusted by a coach or trainer.

Location can be determined in the same way as ‘20 to 40 MetersPower/Speed Moving’. Stride rate can also be used.

40+ Meters Power/Speed Moving:

The same as the previous Moving descriptions except over more than 40meters at a power or speed greater than 75% of highest game historicpower/speed average. The percentages used have the flexibility to beadjusted by a coach or trainer or speed/effort zones can be usedinstead. Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank,attacking centerfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and rightflank midfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank anddefensive centerfield.

40+ Meters Power/Speed Stationary:

As for 20 to 40 Meters Power/Speed Stationary except at more than 75%based on game historic speed or power average.

Location and the percentages can be determined in the same way as ‘40+meters Power/Speed Moving’.

The following 4 classifications; tempo speed, jogging, slow jogging andwalking all could be further broken down by the system into determiningwhether the user is moving forwards or backwards (which may also includelateral movement) using a digital compass contained in a device that isfixed to the body. This is accomplished by knowing the direction theuser is facing and then inferring from the movement whether they aremoving forwards, backwards or laterally. For instance, movements in adirection in the range of 315 to 45 degrees in relation to where theuser is facing can be classified as forwards movement, backwardsmovement is in the direction of 135 to 225 degrees in relation to wherethe user is facing, movement towards the left is in the range of 225 to315 degrees, and movement towards the right is 45 to 135 degrees.

Tempo Speed

Tempo Speed is all running that is greater than 60% of highest gamehistoric average speed/power that is not captured by the sprintclassifications. Classifications can be broken further into movingforwards (315 to 45 degrees), moving backwards (135 to 225 degrees) andlateral movement, i.e. right (45 degrees to 135 degrees) and left (225to 315 degrees). The speed/effort percentages used have the flexibilityto be adjusted by a coach or trainer or speed/effort zones can be usedinstead. Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank,attacking centerfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and rightflank midfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank anddefensive centerfield. Stride rate is preferably greater than 70 stridesper minute.

Jogging

Jogging is the same as tempo speed except it is defined as less than 60%of highest game historic average speed or power but greater than 55%.The speed/effort percentages used have the flexibility to be adjusted bya coach or trainer or speed/effort zones can be used instead. Locationcan be attacking left flank, attacking right flank, attackingcenterfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and right flankmidfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank and defensivecenterfield.

Slow Jogging

This is the same as jogging above except it is defined as 40 to 55% ofhighest game historic average speed or power. The speed/effortpercentages used have the flexibility to be adjusted by a coach ortrainer or speed/effort zones can be used instead.

Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank, attackingcenterfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and right flankmidfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank and defensivecenterfield.

Walking

Walking is the same as jogging except for the following differences. Itis characterised by less than 40% of highest game historic speed orpower averages but greater than 2 km/hr or 25 watts for more than 15seconds. Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank,attacking centerfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and rightflank midfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank anddefensive centerfield. Time can be 1^(st) half versus 2^(nd) half ornarrower time periods within a game. The speed/effort percentages usedhave the flexibility to be adjusted by a coach or trainer orspeed/effort zones can be used instead.

Stride rate is preferably below 70 strides per minute.

Jumping—Vertical

This activity is determined by a vertical altitude change by more than30 cm and a power output increase by more than 100 watts with no striderate. The altitude change and power in watts can be adjusted by thecoach or trainer. Location can be attacking left flank, attacking rightflank, attacking centerfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield andright flank midfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank anddefensive centerfield.

Jumping—Horizontal

This activity is determined by a continued horizontal movement with verylittle to no stride rate. Location, power and altitude can be determinedin the same way as ‘Jumping—Vertical’.

Sidestep

A sudden change in direction while sprinting can be determined to be asidestep. This is where direction changes by more than 45 degreesdetected by a digital compass fixed to the body of a player during asprinting classification in less than 1.5 secs. Location can beattacking left flank, attacking right flank, attacking centerfield, letflank midfield, centre midfield and right flank midfield and defensiveleft flank, defensive right flank and defensive centerfield.

Tackle

A tackle is an impact measured through an accelerometer with an impactexceeding 40 Gs. The impact in G's can be adjusted by a coach ortrainer. Location can be attacking left flank, attacking right flank,attacking centerfield, let flank midfield, centre midfield and rightflank midfield and defensive left flank, defensive right flank anddefensive centerfield.

Preferably for the purposes of determining sprinting, jumping andtackling the update rate for the activity data is 0.25 s or less.Furthermore, altitude is preferably measured by a transmitter andtransceiver/receiver network in field sport applications.

3.5.7 Horse Training

Table 7 shows an exemplary classification system for a horse trainingcategory as defined below. When training horses the same problems fortraining occur that do in humans. It is very difficult to apply scienceto screeds of data on a horse without classifying each type of training.This is further exacerbated by the fact that the trainer is not actuallydoing the training themselves so it is harder to get an understanding onwhat is happening on a day to day basis through the training. Similarclassifications may be applied to horse training.

In the preferred embodiment this category of classifications onlyrequires one parameter for the purposes of automated analysis andfeedback.

The classified activities of one embodiment are; Inactive, Walk, Trot,Canter, Gallop, Fast Gallop, and Sprint.

The following classification does not discount the possible use ofstride rate and stride length for purposes of classification also.

Inactive—Stationary

Stationary is the very similar to Inactive Upright. It is a period ofinactivity which may be determined when a horse shows very low levels ofmovement. For examples speeds that are below 2 km/hr or 0 km/hr indicatevery little movement. In one embodiment, heart rate can be used andwould be below 45% of AT heart rate (less than 37% of maximum heartrate).

Walk

A walk is classified as less than 55% of AT heart rate (less than 50% ofmaximum heart rate) or less than 14% of AT speed.

Trot

A trot is classified as 56-70% of AT heart rate (51 to 60% of maximumheart rate) or 14 to 33% of AT speed.

Canter

A Canter is described as 71 to 85% of AT heart rate (61 to 70% ofmaximum heart rate) or 33 to 65% of AT speed.

Gallop

A Gallop is 85 to 95% of AT Heart Rate (70 to 80% of maximum heart rate)or 65 to 95% of AT speed.

Fast Gallop

A Fast Gallop is described as 95 to 105% of AT speed (80 to 90% ofmaximum heart rate) or 65 to 105% of AT speed.

Sprint

A sprint is defined as greater than 105% of AT heart rate (greater than90% of maximum heart rate) or greater than 105% of AT speed.

3.5.7 Pedometer Classification Embodiment

Background and Limitations:

A pedometer uses a multi axis accelerometer and counts a step bymeasuring an impact, like a foot strike and counts each in a cumulativefashion which has been made very popular by for example the ‘10,000 stepprogramme’ where the user as a health initiative must take 10,000 stepsper day.

Impacts measured through an accelerometer oscillate from low force tohigh force and there are known algorithms that calculate the peak forcein the oscillation which designates a step. While there are manypedometers available on the market, very few can do anything more thancount steps. Further, pedometers cannot tell the difference between auser tap dancing or running, driving along in a car on a bumpy road andrunning.

At lower intensities it can be difficult to differentiate between theabove mentioned conditions. Driving on a bumpy road in a car may causethe pedometer to ‘think’ that the user is doing some walking or runningactivity even though they are sitting in a car.

Time Uniformity:

To further improve the accuracy of determining what the user is doing atime variability/uniformity measure can also be employed as a filter todetermine whether the user is in the car or walking. Time between‘steps’ can be measured to differentiate between steps and falsemovements. True walking or running can be crudely distinguished by thedegree of uniformity in the impacts. The more random the impacts themore likely the user is not walking or running. By rights, walking andrunning lend themselves to a high degree of time uniformity betweensteps. Therefore random impacts such as doing the housework that doesnot have a continuous period of low stride rate variability can bedisregarded by an algorithm as not walking or running.

The way this is achieved is that the device measures each impact andlogs the time between each impact and the next. A group of timed resultsfrom measures of the times between each impact are then averaged and thegreater the level of uniformity (e.g. less than 30 milliseconds betweensteps) is more likely to indicate that the user is walking or running.In this way a more precise estimate of the user's activity can bedefined.

Very low stride rates, for example below 15 strides per minute are alsoan indicator that the user is not walking or running.

Using Pedometers to Determine Intensity

Pedometers are also currently unable to determine the intensity at whichthe user is walking or running at. To determine intensity you must firstdetermine stride rate. Stride rate can also be measured by a pedometer(although stride rate is often determined as the time between a singleleg's foot strikes so 180 impacts in a minute would be referred to as astride rate of 90 strides per minute). Stride rate and intensity areclosely linked where: 55 strides per minute can be classed as walking,75 strides per minute can be classed as easy running, 84 strides perminute can be classed as moderate running, and 90 strides a minute canbe classed as running hard for most people. This means that stride ratecan be used as a crude measure of cardiovascular intensity.

Multiparameter Classification

The classification is a combination of the time uniformity between steps(impacts) and the number of steps per minute taken. If the uniformity isbelow 30 milliseconds, the stride rate is then classified depending onthe stride rate.

All walking or running should be in the preferred embodiment continuousfor 30 seconds to begin being classified by the system within a striderate zone. As with the other classifications there is edge forgivenessthat allows a user to be out of zone temporarily for preferably up to 9seconds if they were in the zone before that.

Classifications:

The preferred classifications and definitions (threshold criteria) forthis particular category are as follows:

-   -   Inactive Rest    -   Inactive Stationary    -   Slow Walk    -   Walk    -   Fast Walk    -   Jog    -   Moderate Intensity Run    -   High Intensity Run    -   Non specific movement—Moderate Activity    -   Non specific movement—High Activity    -   Non specific movement—Very High Activity

Table 8 shows an exemplary classification system for a pedometercategory as defined below.

Inactive Rest:

Inactive rest involves 2 measures: the accelerometer must show that theuser (or at least the device is horizontal) and the stride rate is closeto zero. (i.e. impact uniformity is greater than 30 ms and stride rateis less than 15 strides/impacts/movements per minute.)

Inactive Stationary:

This shows that the user is upright and the stride rate is close tozero. (i.e. impact uniformity is greater than 30 ms and stride rate isless than 15 strides/impacts/movements per minute.)

Slow Walk:

The system identifies a stride variability that is 30 milliseconds orbelow and the stride rate is between 30-40 strides per minute.

Walk:

The system identifies a stride rate variability of 30 milliseconds orbelow and the stride rate is 40 to 55 strides per minute.

Fast Walk:

The system identifies a stride rate variability below 20 millisecondsand a stride rate of 56 to 66 strides per minute.

Jog:

Jogging is determined when stride rate is 67 to 75 strides per minuteand stride rate variability is under 10 milliseconds.

Moderate Intensity Run:

This is determined by a stride rate that is 76 to 86 strides per minuteand the variability is below 10 milliseconds.

High Intensity Run:

High Intensity Running has a stride rate of between 87 to 95 strides perminute and once again the variability is under 10 milliseconds.

Sprint:

Sprinting is classified when stride rate is 96 or above strides perminute with a variability of under 10 milliseconds

Non Specific Movement—Moderate Activity

Non specific movement assesses situations where the user is neitherwalking nor running and not stationary. Impacts/Stride rate/movements isgreater than 15 but less than 40 strides or impact/acceleration peaksrecorded per minute and there is poor time uniformity. (Greater than 40ms)

The user is identified by the system upright as assessed by a multi axisaccelerometer.

Non Specific Movement—High Activity

Non Specific Movement—High Activity is the same as Non SpecificMovement—Moderate Activity except the number of impacts/accelerations ishigher. Impacts/accelerations/Stride rate is greater than 40 but lessthan 60 strides or impact/acceleration peaks recorded per minute.

Non Specific Movement—Very High Activity

Non Specific Movement—Very High Activity is exactly the same as aboveexcept the impacts/Stride rate/movements is greater than 60 strides orimpact peaks recorded per minute.

Other Options:

Total G force or combinations of the forces in the multi axisaccelerometer may also be used as a substitute for timevariability/uniformity calculations. Below 20 G is an indication in mostcases that the user is walking and above 20 G indicates running.

The other parameter that might be added to the classification is whetherthe user is upright or horizontal to further strengthen theunderstanding of the situation.

3.6 Definitions for Sensor Types:

The system is able to be configured to many different types of sensorsand therefore is not bound to a specific device but rather may use manydifferent types of devices so long as they contain the required sensorsand provide the right parameters. It may occur also that the systemutilizes data from sensors from several different devices as is the casewith using a smart phone with internal GPS and heart rate data from aZephyr HRM BT or the barometric, temperature, GPS and heart rate datafrom a FRWD B series device combined with the internal accelerometerfound in a smart phone.

Each activity sensing category: Activity Status Monitoring, Weight Lossand Walking, Running, Cycling, Rowing and Kayaking, Horse Training andPedometer Monitoring will now be covered in terms of sensors requiredand current devices that are available in the market that could utilizethe system of the invention. The following exemplary devices are notintended to limit the scope of the invention and other devices capableof providing the correct measurements for the system algorithms may beused instead and as required by the particular application.

3.7.1 Activity Status Monitoring: (Health, Military, Fire and RescueServices)

For Easy Walking, Rolling Hills Walking, Hills Walking, Long ClimbWalking, Fast Walking, Low Speed Run, Rolling Hills Run, Hills Run, LongClimb Run, High Speed Run, Out of Zone—Too Fast the sensor requirementsare the same. They all require some measure of altitude change combinedwith an intensity measure which can include measurements of speed, poweror heart rate. This also applies for specialist ‘services’classifications also contained in the Activity Status Category; VeryHigh Speed Run, Sprint Flat, Sprint Hills.

Altitude Change:

Altitude change can be measured in many different ways through currentsensor devices. These include barometers, inclinometers, DigitalElevation Models and GPS. Altitude change is a way in which a sensor candetermine the terrain the user is on. For example an increase inaltitude or gradient indicates that the user is moving uphill, adecrease in vertical meters or a decline means the user is goingdownhill and no altitude change or a flat gradient or slope means theuser is on the flat.

Many devices currently contain digital barometers and thermometers.Examples of this include Suunto sports watches (e.g. Suunto X6 & T6),the Timex Altitude Barometer Adventure Tech watch, the Casio Pathfinderseries of watches and Polar Heart Rate devices (e.g. RS800, CS600 etc).

There are also handheld barometers such as the Nova Lnyx 230-M202 andVWR handheld digital barometer 4198, both of which use barometricpressure to measure altitude.

Suunto and some cycle computer companies include inclinometers on theirdevices to measure slope/gradient change.

A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of groundsurface topography or terrain. Various data sets are available ofdiffering accuracy levels based on satellite surveys of the earthincluding the Shuttle Radar Topography mission in 2000. Once thecoordinates of a user are known their position can be overlaid onto thetopography of their location in real time or in post processing. DigitalElevation Models (sometimes know as Digital Terrain Models) are used forpost processing of data by companies like Bones in Motion and Sportsdo.

Garmin uses GPS in its Forerunner 205, 305 and 405 series watches toshow altitude. Garmin also have devices like the Garmin eTrex Summit HCwhich are handheld and contain a barometer for altitude. GPS altitude isobtained by the triangulation of satellites in the sky overhead at thetime.

Intensity:

Speed

Speed can be measured a number of ways through a number of sensors fromcrude accelerometer algorithms like in the Zephyr HRM BT, Nike+ and theTimex Pedometer with Speed, through to more sophisticated algorithmslike Dynastream use in their speed pods which are licensed to companieslike Polar for their RS800, FT80 and 625 products, and like the Adidasmicoach Pacer and Suunto T6.

Other devices such as Fitbit, Fitlinxx Actiped and Directlife trackactivity through accelerometers. Bodymedia's Fit system, Mytrak's M2 andPolar's FA20 all track movement but not necessarily speed.

GPS can also be used to obtain speed data and is used in a host ofdevices such as the Polar G3 GPS sensor, the Garmin Forerunner 205, 305and 405 models as well as many apps like Runkeeper, Sportsdo and Bonesin Motions Motion X app that rely on either mobile phones with internalGPS or linked to an external GPS.

With Federal Communications Commission requirement after the 9/11/01terrorist attacks for location availability in all mobile phones in theUS in the future, there will be a greater proliferation of phones withinternal GPS.

There are devices like the Mobimotion Spurty chest strap that containsboth a heart rate monitor and GPS that Bluetooth data to a phone andmany other devices that accept and log Bluetooth data such as the FRWD Wand B series.

In the case of military, fire and rescue services, the system couldswitch from outdoor location to indoor location detection. Crude speedmeasures could utilise infrared, ultrasonic, RFID, UWB and signalstrength systems.

Power

Power for a walker or runner currently can only be inferred by applyinga Power algorithm to the data based on speed, the user's weight and theslope or gradient at the time. It may not be too long before power willbe more directly measured using force plates in shoes or by convertingacceleration data in a shoe to power.

Crude power measures may be able to be inferred from the above mentionedindoor location detection systems.

Heart Rate

Heart rate can be measured directly currently through a strap thatcontains 2 electrodes that is placed across the chest and was originallydesigned by Polar Electro which filed its patent in 1979 and is theworld leader in wireless chest strap heart rate monitors. The patent hasnow expired and many other companies use this technology includingTimex, Suunto, Garmin, Cardiosport, Impulse and Zephyr.

There are now many Heart Rate Monitor straps like the Zephyr HRM BT andthe Mobimotion Spurty chest strap that do not have a data receiver butrather Bluetooth data to devices like a mobile phone. Still otherdevices like the SMHeartLink act as a bluetooth receiver for the Appleiphone to accept heart rate data from a heart rate strap and the FRWD Bseries devices that are able to receive broadcast heart rate data frommost wireless heart rate straps and resend the data to a phone viaBluetoothOther devices receive broadcast data using the ANT+ signal.

There are other methods to obtain heart rate which includes a straplessheart monitor like the Mio heart rate monitor that requires the user toplace 2 fingers on the electrodes on the watch face to obtain heart ratemeasurement.

It is possible to obtain heart rate through infrared where light changeis used to measure heart beats and also disposable electrodes as opposedto straps.

R-R (Relaxation Rate) or HRV (Heart Rate Variability) could also be usedto measure intensity on the body. Heart rate variability measures theaverage of the time (in ms) between a series of heart beats and the moreintense the effort the more uniform the time between heart beats. FRWD,and some Suunto and Polar devices are able to measure heart ratevariability.

It is conceivable that in the very near future heart rate may be able tobe measured through the wrist, finger or via some other means which mayinclude Respiration Rate. Respiration rate is calculated by measuringexpansion of the chest using a chest strap as used in the ZephyrBioharness. Another method for measuring heart rate as in the Firstbeatlicensed system to Suunto and FRWD derives respiration rate andventilation (which could also be used to measure intensity) throughheart rate which increases during inhalation.

Stride Rate

Stride rate may also be used as an extra classification parameter. Thisinvolves the use of an accelerometer that records the repetitive impactfor each stride which is then summed over 1 minute of time providing ameasure of strides per minute. Stride rate is a handy extra measure asit can be used to determine the speed of leg movement which furthercontributes to building a picture of what the user is doing. A striderate of 55 strides per minute indicates that the user is walking, 80strides per minute is easy running, and 90 strides per minute would befast running for example. The Polar RS800 measures and displays striderate in real time and most smart phones contain accelerometers thesedays which can be used to measure stride rates on a phone by countingimpacts over time.

There are 3 inactive classifications within Activity Status Monitoring;Inactive Upright, Inactive Rest and Inactive Prone. None of these usealtitude change to classify the activity. But rather use speed, heartrate (or respiration rate) and an accelerometer.

Positional Status (Accelerometer)

All Inactive classifications require a positional status measurement viaan accelerometer as seen in most smart phones these days which use 2 or3 axis sensors within the accelerometer to determine whether the deviceis upright or prone which can in turn determine whether the user (ordevice at least) is vertical or horizontal so long as the device is in afixed position on the user.

Movement (Speed)

Speed can be established using an accelerometer or GPS to determinewhether the user is moving or stationary. Power can be inferred fromspeed.

Intensity

Intensity can be determined further if needed by heart rate, respirationrate or ventilation rate as explained in the Intensity section above.

Through this matrix a measure of very low intensity may indicate thatthe user is at rest and a higher intensity will indicate that the useris mildly active even if speed shows they are not moving. A horizontalpositional status combined with no movement and a very low intensityindicates that the user is lying down and at rest.

There are 3 other specialist ‘services’ classifications; Crawling,Climbing and Descending.

Crawling is simply determined by a positional multi axis accelerometersensor that is fixed on the body (e.g. the belt on the torso) thatindicates that the user is horizontal and speed via GPS or anaccelerometer indicates that the user is moving slowly indicatingcrawling.

Climbing and Descending are shown by no or very little horizontal speedas measured by GPS and or accelerometer and a change in altitude by GPS,Barometer, DEM or inclinometer depending on whether the altitude changeis purely vertical or up or down a very steep slope.

Direction that a user is facing can be determined by a digital compasslike those now present in many smart phones like the iphone and newandroid operating system present on some smart phones. If the device isfixed to the user, direction the user is facing can be inferred.

3.7.2 Weight Loss—Walking and Running Classification

All weight loss classifications use exactly the same sensor measurementsystems as Activity Status Monitoring. The devices that hold the sensorsmay vary though. Devices such as BodyMedia's fit system device and theMytrak M2 are portable weight loss recreational fitness devices. ThePolar FA20 activity tracker for example can also be used to determinecalories burned. There are 2 wrist devices built by Adidas and Nikeknown as the micoach Zone and the Nike Sportband which also containaccelerometers.

Weight loss may include the use of machines that can simulate altitudechange (going up or down a hill) in various mechanical ways (like usinga predetermined incline) for determining gradient or slope in equipmentlike treadmills

Treadmill manufacturers can preset inclines on their treadmills andprogram them to show various inclines based on an inbuilt program orthrough manual adjustment by the user. There are now various flash thumbdrive USB plug-in devices that record training conducted on treadmillsand other gym equipment.

3.7.3 Running Classification

Running has a series of classifications very similar to the ActivityStatus Monitoring and Weight Loss. The inactive classification is thesame as the Inactive Upright classification for both previousclassification systems.

The other classifications: Easy, Rolling Hills, Hills, Long Climbs, HillEfforts, Up Tempo, Anaerobic Threshold, Sprints and Overspeed usealtitude change and intensity (speed, power or heart rate) and can usestride rate as another method of determining intensity forclassification of activity types.

Altitude Change

All the classifications incorporate the sensors in the same way asmentioned above in Activity Status Monitoring. Devices that contain abarometer or GPS can all determine altitude change like the Suunto andPolar Products as well as Mobimotion. A DEM can be used with any GPScompliant device like a mobile phone and altitude can be determined fromGPS as in the Garmin devices.

Intensity

Speed

Devices like the Nike+, Nike Sportband, Adidas micoach Zone and Pacer,Suunto and Polar devices which contain accelerometers are designed tomeasure running speed. Mobimotion, FRWD and Polar G3 GPS devices andphone applications that utilize internal or external GPS for determiningspeed like Bones in Motion, AllsportGPS and imapmyrun are also speciallydesigned for running.

Health Applications like Fitbit, Fitlinxx Actiped and Directlife,Bodymedia's Fit system, Mytrak's M2 and Polar's FA20 are not designedfor running.

Heart Rate

The basis of Heart Rate sensor technology does not change with use indifferent sports and is therefore the same as Activity StatusMonitoring.

Stride Rate

As above, Stride Rate can also be used as another form of intensitymeasure utilizing an accelerometer in a speed pod like the Polar RS800or an accelerometer contained in a phone. Adidas measure stride rateusing a waist mounted Pacer and the wrist version known as the Zone.

The Running classification ‘Overspeed’ requires altitude change,intensity AND stride rate for classification.

3.7.4 Field Sports

Field sports have some demand for altitude change (determining the factthat the player is jumping vertically, horizontally or is on theground.) Very accurate understandings of speed and speed change are alsovital to analysis of activity.

Field sports can use exactly the same technology as the runningdescriptions above with 2 extra possibilities.

Players can wear transmitters that can be triangulated on the side ofthe playing field by receivers that can be used to calculate speed.Sophisticated video motion capture can be used to do the same thing.

A digital compass may also be employed to measure direction the user isfacing and therefore the user's movement (i.e. backwards, lateral etc).

3.7.5 Rowing and Kayaking:

Rowing and kayaking once again have no need for a measure of altitudechange to ascertain resistance so stroke rate is substituted formeasuring altitude change. Inactive, Easy, Slow Full Pressure, TempoLoad, Up Tempo, Anaerobic Threshold, Starts and Moves are all measuredin the same way.

Stroke Rate:

Stroke rate is usually measured in rowing based on a magnet beingattached to and under the rowers moving seat and a sensor is placed inthe boat directly below the seat. A stroke is sensed every 2^(nd) timethe magnet passes over the sensor. This count is then measured versusone minute which provides the ability to measure strokes per minute.Strokes per minute can be measured more directly at the rigger, by forcesensors in the blade of the oar, or by the increase in boat oscillationspeed, or be change in force measured by an accelerometer as the rowertakes a stroke.

Similar methods can be applied to Swimming as evidenced by the SpeedoStrokz Stroke Counter that was available in the late 1990's.

The seat magnet and sensor is commonplace in rowing and there is now newSurge Rate technology incorporating a 3 axis accelerometer to measurethe change in force that denotes a kayaker or rower's stroke, therebyallowing stroke rate to be determined when combined with time as inNielsen Kellerman Rowing and Kayaking devices like the Stroke Coach, CoxBox and Speed Coach.

Stroke Rate can also be mechanically measured in indoor rowing machinessuch as a Concept 2 rowing ergometer, by measuring a change in power orspeed in the fan used for resistance, by a change in direction of thechain/cable attached to the rowing handle, or by using the magnet andsensor under the rower's seat.

It may also be possible to fix an accelerometer to a kayaker's paddleshaft to measure the oscillation in the blade entering the water on theleft and right sides of the boat.

Intensity:

Speed:

Speed can be measured via GPS or an impeller to measure speed throughthe water. Speed can be measured for an indoor rowing ergometer by thebraking pressure for braked devices or by the speed at which the fanspins at.

Impellers are used in Nielsen Kellerman products like the Stroke Coach,Cox Box and Speed Coach for rowing. The Garmin Forerunner series areoften used by kayakers which utilize GPS.

Heart Rate:

Heart rate is measured by a receiver of some kind like a Polar or Garminheart rate monitor. They can also be incorporated into a devicemeasuring all required data like the receiver used in Concept 2 rowingergometers taking transmitted heart rate data from a chest strap whichis then incorporated into the devices measurement. The Garmin Forerunner305 and 405 both obtain heart rate data which can be used by Kayakers.

3.7.6 Cycling: (applies to Triathlon, Mountain Biking, Road, Track andBMX Cycling)

Cycling incorporates slightly different technology to running in thatthe data must be obtained from a bicycle.

The same basic concept applies as it did for running in that the usermust use a combination of altitude change and intensity with an extraclassification being cadence.

The following classifications require altitude change and Intensity;Easy, Rolling Hills, Hills, Long Climbs, Hill Efforts, Up Tempo, andAnaerobic Threshold.

The following classifications require altitude change, Intensity andcadence; Flat Big Gear, Big Gear Time Trial, Power, and Sprint.

Altitude Change:

Altitude change can be determined in exactly the same way as in runningthrough a barometer, GPS, DEM or inclinometer. In this case inclinationcan be used very effectively when mounted on a bicycle which isperfectly level on the flat. Devices like the Sigma BC 2209 MHR andGarmin Edge 705 contain a barometer for altitude measure. The Sigma Rox8.0 uses an inclinometer as well as a barometer to measure slope orgradient.

There are various cycle ergometers which use various systems to createthe equivalent of altitude change. These can be complete bike ergometersor machines that a bike is placed into. The cycle simulatormanufacturers can program their devices to increase resistance tosimulate gradient or slope through mechanical braking (e.g. Monarch andCateye CS1000) or electronic braking (e.g. Tracx and Computrainer) andcan also use real incline change.

Intensity:

Speed:

Speed for cycling is achieved by attaching a magnet to a spoke on thefront or rear wheel of the bike of known circumference and each time themagnet passes a sensor on the forks or rear stay on the bike thedistance is added. The distance versus time gives speed. Speed can alsobe measured through GPS and even converted back through power orcalculated from wind speed. Most bike computers use a magnet on thespokes like the Polar CS300. Indirectly it would be possible tocalculate speed from knowing the gear the rider is in.

Power:

Power is usually a direct measure in cycling. Power measurement forcycling was pioneered by SRM who use strain gauges attached to the largefront sprockets (chainrings) at the bottom bracket attached to the pedalcranks. PowerTap use a system originally used in the Look Max One wherethe power is measured in the hub of the rear wheel. Ergomo use powermeasured from the bottom bracket directly.

There have been several indirect measurements of power most notablybeing the Polar system (e.g. 625× or 725 products) which measures thestrain on the chain as the cyclist is riding. Other cycle computersindirectly compute power by measuring a combination of speed, weight andslope or gradient.

An indirect way of assessing power is present in the Shimano Flight Deckand in the Australian Institute of Sport system which measures the gearthat the rider is in allowing a calculation of distance per pedalstroke. In each case the gear that the rider is in, is known and thedistance for each gear for a pedal turn is fixed.

Heart Rate:

Heart rate measurement is available on many cycle computers (e.g. PolarCS300, Sigma Rox 8.0, SRM).

Cadence or Distance per Pedal Stroke:

Cadence is a useful extra measure which usually involves a magnet on thepedal arm (crank) passing a sensor on the chain stay of the bike. Thiscan indicate one pedal revolution and when used in conjunction with timecreates a pedal cadence measure in revolutions per minute. Distance perpedal stroke is another very useful measure that can be calculated byknowing the gear that the rider is in (e.g. Shimano Flight Deck) or byknowing the distance travelled in a pedal revolution which involves acadence measure and a distance measure (which is based on the speedmeasure).

The SRM system incorporates altitude change, speed, power, heart rateand cadence as measures for example.

3.7.7 Horse Training

Horse training is the relationship in most cases between heart rate andspeed or power and terrain is used occasionally.

For Inactive, Walk, Trot, Canter, Gallop, Fast Gallop and Sprint thefollowing combination of Speed or Power and Heart Rate applies:

Speed:

Speed for horse training is measured through GPS devices like GPS-SpeedGenie GT31, the GPSsports Spi Pro or FRWD. Theoretically a speed pod maybecome available for horses. For trotting a magnet can be fixed to awheel and a sensor can be fitted to the sulky to calculate speed.

Power:

Power could potentially be employed for horses but currently there is nosuch product.

Intensity:

Heart Rate:

Heart rate has been measured for horses for over 15 years using variousPolar Equine Heart Rate monitors like the Polar Equine RS800CX G3 or theCS600X for trotting.

Stride Rate and Length would also make excellent data for classificationbut are as yet unavailable.

Hill Efforts combines terrain (a change in altitude as discussedpreviously) and speed, power or heart rate.

3.7.8 Pedometer Monitoring:

Pedometer monitoring uses a multi axis accelerometer which can be foundin smart phones but may also be present in other Pedometer like devicessuch as the Polar FA20, the Directlife system, Fitbit, Fitlinxx Actiped,Bodymedia's Fit system and Mytrak's M2 device which all track movement.

4. Interpretation

Uses of the Activity Classification Method

The Activity Classification Method can be used in 2 instances;

-   -   ‘Command and Control’    -   and ‘Automated Coaching’.

Command and Control is where activity classification providesinformation on activities to be assessed by an individual for example,rescue services and many team sport situations.

Automated coaching is where activity classification is combined withautomated interpretation which can then be used to provide direction toa user in terms of ‘coaching advice’ and modification of an activityplan. Coaching Advice can occur without using a plan. It is this secondinstance that we will now describe.

Coaching Advice:

The process for obtaining ‘Automated Coaching’ advice andActivity/Training Plan Modification is as follows:

-   -   1. Raw data and derived data from data streams within detected        Training Type segments are put against a series of multiple        zones simultaneously which are linked to coaching advice    -   2. Where a match occurs, Coaching advice and Plan Modification        are generated for the criteria that was analyzed

Interpretation System Flexibility; Multi Sport and Multi Sensor

Each Training Type can be interpreted in terms of compliance, techniqueand performance.

The following shows how interpretation can be used for the RunningTraining Types; Easy, Rolling Hills, Hills, Up Tempo and AnaerobicThreshold but these are not the exclusive areas for analysis and othermeasures could be used.

The interpretation also has the flexibility to be sensor agnostic.Interpretation is ‘richer’ or ‘poorer’ dependent of the data receivedmeaning more sensors providing more data (speed, heart rate, altitude,stride rate) means more interpretation is possible and less sensors(speed and DEM only) means less interpretation is possible.

It is easy to convert the system for most acyclic sports like cycling,rowing, kayaking, mountain biking, cross country skiing, skating, andmost team sports. It can also be used to determine and ‘coach’ in morehealth and activity related situations.

Raw and Derived Data Parameters

To show the scope of the invention and it's uses, we will now provide abrief description to demonstrate interpretation.

Raw and derived data for some of the possible measures will now bedescribed:

Duration: Duration is the number of minutes a classified Training Typesegment occurs for or the accumulated time for Training Type segments ofthe same label. (e.g. one segment of Up Tempo might be 2 mins long orthree segments of Up Tempo might add up to 5 mins and 20 seconds)(Applies to Up Tempo and Anaerobic Threshold Training Types)

Number of Repetitions completed: This is a count of the number oftraining type activity segments that have begun and stopped during anactivity session. (e.g. the system may have detected the Up TempoTraining Type activity segment 5 times during the workout while the userwas training so the number of repetitions (reps) completed was 5.)(Applies to Up Tempo and Anaerobic Threshold Training Types)

Number of Hills completed: This is a count of the number of hillsegments detected and completed within a workout. Rolling Hills aredetected by a continuous increase of more than 6 meters and less than 20meters and Hills are detected as an increase of more than 20 meters ascovered by the Activity Classification Method. (Applies to Rolling Hillsand Hills Training Types)

Cumulative Vertical Meters Ascended: This is a measure of the number ofmeters ascended over an entire workout for Rolling Hills and Hillsindependently. (e.g. Rolling Hills could involve 3 climbs; the firstbeing 15 meters, the 2^(nd) being 15 meters and the 3^(rd) being 10meters which means a cumulative vertical meters ascended for RollingHills of 40 meters.) (Applies to Rolling Hills and Hills Training Types)

Many other possible areas can be measured within the bounds ofperformance, technique and compliance.

The Anatomy of a Training/Activity Plan:

Coaching advice can occur in relation to a Training/Activity Plan or canprovide more limited feedback without the user having a plan.

We will start with some definitions to provide context on how anTraining Plan would work:

Training Plan

A Training Plan is a calendar of workouts or activity sessions over aseries of days for an extended period of time, usually for a number ofmonths. The plan is designed to generate the largest improvementsspecific to a chosen goal for the least time, effort and impact on thebody. This is achieved by manipulating workouts and training types interms of volume and timing over an extended period of time allowing thebody to gradually adapt to the various physical stimuli placed on it.

Workout

A workout is an activity session on a particular day which contains aset of different types of activities called Training Types. The workoutis usually for a set duration or distance.

Training Types

Training Types occur within a workout, which are training tasks to beperformed within the workout/session.

Workouts contain Training Types of set durations, efforts and the numberof times the activity should be repeated within a workout which are alsoknown as repetitions. (reps)

A workout may be 60 mins in duration and contain the Training Types;Hills and Up Tempo. The repetitions might be 4 hills and 2×2 mins at UpTempo. This means that within the 60 mins workout or activity the userhas a prescription to complete 4 hills and do 4 mins of Up Tempo brokeninto 2 parts. Using the Activity Classification method which detectsTraining Types, the user can choose when it is most appropriate tocomplete a Training Type within a session.

Training/Activity Plan, Workout, Training Types Combination

A Training Plan is made up of a series of workouts that contain TrainingTypes, set within a calendar over a series of months that describe theactivity tasks required to achieve a goal whether this be to compete inan sporting event, lose weight or maintain health.

The interpretation can be compliance, technique or performance based.

Compliance measures are used to determine how closely a user followstheir Training Plan. If the actual data closely matches the plan,compliance is high; if data does not closely match the plan, complianceis low. Compliance is made up of the number of hills completed andcumulative vertical meters ascended for Rolling Hills and Hills TrainingTypes. Duration and reps completed are the elements that make upcompliance for Up Tempo and Anaerobic Threshold. There is no compliancemeasure for the Easy Training Type. Compliance can only be measuredagainst a Training Plan.

Technique measures can include measurements of how the user conductsthemselves within the workout. Stride rates, heaviness of foot strikeand many other components can be used to provide feedback on technique.Technique measures can occur whether the user is following a plan isnot.

Performance measures are also possible where fatigue and improvement canbe ascertained. Elevated heart rates for a particular speed indicatefatigue for example and there are many other methods available withinthe prior art (e.g. R-R, VO2max, EPOC, Training Effect, Heart RateDecoupling) that can be used. Performance measures can occur whether ornot the user follows a training plan.

Coaching Advice:

Training Types used for Coaching Advice:

Measures of each Training Type occur separately and thereforeindependent analysis occurs for:

-   -   Easy    -   Rolling Hills    -   Hills    -   Up Tempo    -   Anaerobic Threshold

These Training Types have been described in the Activity Classificationmethod.

Sample Plan for the Workout

Below is an example of a workout that is part of a Running TrainingPlan, where the workout duration and the number of reps/durations forall the training types are used within the workout.

Training Types & Workout Duration Planned Workout Duration: 60 minsAnaerobic Threshold 0 Up Tempo 4 reps (of 4 mins) Hills 3 hills (>20vertical meters) Rolling Hills 0

The above describes a 60 min workout that has 4 periods of 4 mins of theUp tempo Training Type in it totaling 16 mins at Up Tempo and 3 hills of20 meters making approximately 60 meters. There is no AnaerobicThreshold Speed training or Rolling Hills to be done within the workouttoday.

The workout therefore uses 2 Training Types; Up Tempo and Hills. Theother 2 Training Types are not being used; Anaerobic Threshold andRolling Hills.

It is against this set of tasks that the user's activity is measured.

Data that shows that the user followed the Training Plan closely showshigh compliance and data that does not match the plan closely enoughand/or has missing tasks or tasks completed that were not scheduledwithin the plan will indicate poor compliance.

The following is a table of the plan versus what was actually done inthe workout:

TABLE 9 Training Types & Workout Duration Planned Actual WorkoutDuration: 60 mins 70 mins Anaerobic Threshold 0 0 (85-95% HRmax* onflat) Up Tempo (75-85% 4 reps (of 4 mins) = 3 reps (18 mins) HRmax* onflat) 16 min Hills (>20 vertical meters) 3 hills (60 meters) 2 hills (80meters) Rolling Hills (>6 vertical 0 0 meters, <20 meters) *HRmax =maximum heart rate

We will now go through the analysis for each Training Type and TotalWorkout duration that was specified in the plan compared to what wasactually performed by the user:

Example 1: Workout Duration

The plan for the workout called for 60 mins of running. The actualexercise duration was 70 mins. The user did 10 mins more training thanthe program specified.

This means that the user did 116% of what they should have done for theplan. (70 mins divided by 60 mins equals 116% of the plan.)

Workout Duration Data Thresholds:

The 116% is applied against a set of thresholds

-   -   Less than 85%    -   85% to 95%    -   95% to 105%    -   Greater than 105%

116% fits into the ‘greater than 105%’ threshold.

-   -   Less than 85% “Exercise Duration was far below the plan, please        follow the plan carefully”    -   85% to 95% “Exercise Duration was slightly below the plan,        please follow the plan carefully”    -   95% to 105% “Exercise Duration was correct well done!”    -   Greater than 105% “Exercise Duration exceeded plan, please        follow the plan carefully”

The coaching feedback/advice would be:

“Exercise Duration exceeded plan, please follow the plan carefully”

Timing of ‘Coaching Advice’—Real Time or Post Workout:

The coaching advice for workout duration occurs immediately uponcompletion of the workout on a device or could be provided on a websiteor device for post workout feedback. A real time comment could occurhowever, if the workout duration is exceeded. In the example, when theusers workout duration exceeds 5% greater than the prescribed workoutduration of 60 mins which is 63 mins a real time comment can be given“Prescribed workout duration exceeded”

Example 2: Up Tempo Training Type

The workout plan was for 4 repetitions of 4 mins making a total of 16mins of the Training Type; Up Tempo.

Up Tempo is a Training Type that occurs at about 75-85% of effort. (asdefined by the calibration system within the Activity Classificationmethod). This is above the Easy Training Type of 65-75% of effort.During a workout the runner spends most of their time at Easy but maydecide to increase their effort to 75-85% of maximum to do the Up TempoTraining Type.

Up Tempo is determined by a heart rate or speed training zone which mustoccur on flat terrain as per the classification description. 75-85% ofmaximum might equate to a heart rate of 175-185 bpm or a speed of12.5-13.5 km/hr as calibrated by the Activity Classification method.(both heart rate and speed parameters might be combined to defineeffort).

The runner therefore moves their effort up and heart rate reaches 175bpm on the flat. The classification system identifies that the user hasnow moved into the Up Tempo Training Types zones (on the flat) and willbegin to log recorded data that occurs as an Up Tempo Training Typesegment.

For the next 4 mins the runner focuses on keeping their heart ratewithin the training zone of 175 to 185 bpm on the flat. After 4 mins theuser slows down again and their heart rate drops below 175 bpm whichmeans that it has fallen out of the Up Tempo Training Type and back intothe Easy Training Type. At this point the system discontinues loggingthe Up Tempo Training Type. Therefore the logged duration of the UpTempo Training Type segment is 4 mins.

In this case the user logged Up Tempo 3 times as opposed to the 4repetitions that were planned within the workout. There were correct andincorrect rep durations of 4 mins, 11 mins and 3 mins making a total of18 mins.

Up Tempo Compliance Utilizes 2 Measurement Areas:

-   -   Up Tempo Duration    -   And repetitions completed    -   Up Tempo Duration Data Calculation:

The planned workout duration for Up Tempo was 16 mins and 18 mins wascompleted during the workout. (see Table 9)

18 mins divided by 16 mins equals 112% meaning that 12% more Up TempoDuration training occurred than was planned.

Up Tempo Duration Data Thresholds

takes most significant comment (i.e. compliance: <−1.5% or >1%,performance: <−2% or >0.2%, if 2 significant comments split (hi/lo,lo/lo, (=>, <) hi/hi) = most % biggest change 1 <−2% Part of going fastis getting used to the speed. Up Tempo is used to aid you in acquiringspeed endurance. Look at the duration targets in the plan morecarefully. 2 (−2% to −1%) You can't get faster without speed and UpTempo is good low impact way to do this. Use the training program forguidelines on how much you should do. 3 (−1% to 1%)  Good work! 4 1% to5% Too much speedwork is a bad thing. Apart from increasing chance ofinjury, it causes high fatigue, upsets your energy for other workoutsand can predispose you to illness

The correct coaching advice for 12% more for Up Tempo Duration trainingdone than scheduled is 4 (see table above):

“Too much speedwork is a bad thing, apart from increasing chance ofinjury, it causes high fatigue, upsets your energy for other workoutsand can predispose you to illness.”

Up Tempo Repetitions Completed Data Calculation:

The plan was for 4 repetitions of 4 mins at Up Tempo (see FIG. 1) andthe actual training carried out training was 3 repetitions of 4 mins, 11mins and 3 mins.

4 repetitions were supposed to be completed and only 3 were completed.

3÷4=75% meaning 25% less (−25%) Up Tempo Repetitions completed occurredthan planned.

Up Tempo Repetitions Completed Data Thresholds:

1 <−2 You need to progressively increase the number of reps of atraining type that you do to get improvement. The training program willguide you on this 2 (−2 to −1%) To get faster there has to be someincrease in the number of reps run for this training type within aworkout. 3 (−1-1%) Nice work, keep moving the number reps of Up Temporun up gradually over time. 4 1% to 5%   If you didn't plan to do extraUp Tempo, you might be pushing it a little hard as you seem to bejumping up into Up Tempo too often.

The correct coaching advice for −25% Up Tempo Reps Completed is 1 (seetable above):

“You need to progressively increase the number of reps of a trainingtype that you do to get an improvement. The training program will guideyou on this.”

Timing of ‘Coaching Advice’—Real Time or Post Workout:

Coaching feedback can occur in real time if the user exceeds the totalduration of Up Tempo scheduled in the plan. The following advice wouldbe given: “Too much Up Tempo speedwork, this can overtrain you or causeinjury. Discontinue Up Tempo training.” This would occur immediatelyafter the planned Up Tempo duration is exceeded by more than 5%. For 16mins of the planned Up tempo, a 5% increase is 16.8 mins or 16 mins 48secs. If the duration for a particular rep is exceeded by more than 10%which for a 4 mins repetition is 4.4 mins or 4 mins 24 secs, thecommentary is “Planned Rep duration exceeded, slow down” and if theplanned duration matches within + or −10% (e.g 4 mins+/−24 secs) thereal time comment is “Excellent, your rep duration was correct”. If therep duration is less than −10% (e.g. 3 mins 36 secs) the comment is:“Rep Duration too short”

After the completion of each repetition, a data summary is providedwhich includes the duration of the repetition. For example at the end ofthe repetition of Up Tempo the commentary is: “1^(st), 2^(nd), etc UpTempo Rep Completed Xmins”

Example 3: Hills Training Type

The workout plan was for 3 Hills. (meaning a minimum of 60 verticalmeters ascended).

Hills are measured if the continuous ascent for a user travelling fasterthan 7 km/hr exceeds 20 meters of continuous climbing. 3 Hills means aminimum of 60 vertical meters ascended. The user runs to the hill andafter 6 meters of vertical ascent a hill is detected, when the userexceeds 20 meters the Training Type is classed as Hills Training Typeand is logged as such until the user reaches the top at say 27 meters.When the user reaches the top and the terrain plateaus, the systemdetects that the user has stopped climbing.

At this point the system discontinues logging the Hills Training Type.

Therefore, the logged vertical meters ascended is in this case 27 metersfor a Hills Training Type segment.

The user incorrectly logged 2 hills totaling 80 vertical meters ofclimbing, 1 of 27 meters and the other of 53 meters. (see Table 9)

Hills Compliance Utilizes 2 Measurement Areas:

-   -   Number of Hills Completed    -   And Cumulative Vertical Meters Ascended

Number of Hills Completed Data Calculation:

The planned number of Hills was 3 and only 2 Hills were completed. (SeeFIG. 1)

2÷3=66% or 34% less (−34%) Hills than planned.

Number of Hills Completed Data Thresholds:

takes most significant comment (i.e. compliance: <−1.5% or >1%,performance: <−2% or >0.2%, if 2 significant comments split (hi/lo,lo/lo, (=>, <) hi/hi) = most % biggest change 1 <−2% Without a steadyincrease in your hillwork, you don't get the stimlus that drives yourstrength endurance up. Increase the number of hills you do graduallyeach session. 2 (−2% to −1%) To get stronger you need more load and inthis case that means slightly more hills each time you do a hillssession. 3 (−1% to 1%)  Great Work! 4   >1% Overdoing your training isnot beneficial, it is more likely to lead to injury, illness or fatigue!Follow the training plan more closely please.

The correct coaching advice for −34% less Hills completed than scheduledis 1 (se table above):

“Without a steady increase in your hill work you don't get the stimulusthat drives your strength endurance up. Increase the number of hills youare doing gradually each session.”

Cumulative Vertical Meters Ascended Data Calculation:

The plan was for approximately 60 vertical meters of climbing to be doneand 80 vertical meters was climbed. (See Table 9)

80÷60=133% meaning 33% more meters climbed than planned.

Cumulative Vertical Meters Ascended Data Thresholds:

1 <−2 To get an improvement in your strength endurance you need moreload and in this case it means slightly more climbed vertical meterseach time you do a hills session. 2 (−2 to −1%) Getting strongerstrength endurance wise is not made without some increase in the volumeof meters climbed in training. 3 (−1-1%) Nice work, keep building on thenumber of vertical meters ascended you do gradually over time. 4 >1%Doing more climbing than is in the training plan is counter productive,you are far more likely to disrupt the balance of the program, getfatigued or worse injured. Follow the plan.

The correct coaching advice for 33% more vertical meters climbed thanwas planned for Hills is 4 (see table above):

“Doing more climbing than is in the training plan is counterproductive,you are far more likely to disrupt the balance of the program, getfatigued or worse, get injured. Follow the plan.”

Timing of ‘Coaching Advice’—Real Time or Post Workout:

Coaching feedback can occur in ‘real time’ if the user exceeds thevertical meters of the Hills vertical meters scheduled in the plan by20% or more (60×120%=72 meters). The following advice would be given:“Too much Hill work, this can overtrain you or cause injury. DiscontinueHill Training” This would occur immediately after 72 meters wasexceeded.

At the completion of each Hill a data summary is provided which includesthe vertical meters climbed and the number of Hills climbed to thatpoint. For example at the completion of the 1^(st) Hill of 27 meters thecommentary is: “1^(st) Hill completed, 27 meters, Cumulative VerticalMeters: 27 meters.”

Example 4: Easy Training Type

All training that is not Up Tempo, Anaerobic Threshold, Rolling Hills orHills is classed as Easy Training Type. As the user goes through aworkout they will complete other Training Types. In this case the userdid 3 repetitions of 4 mins, 11 mins and 3 mins of Up Tempo and 2 Hillstotaling 80 meters. In between each of these Training Types the user wasstill running although more gently in the Easy Training Type. Thereforemultiple segments of the Easy Training Type were produced in thisworkout. If we include a warm up and a warm down and count Easy segmentsbetween other Training Types the number of Easy Training Type segmentsis 6 repetitions.

Compliance Count Ups:

An assessment of what Training Types need to be completed during theworkout is made every 20 mins. This means that the system works out whatscheduled training has been completed and what has not been completedallowing the user some explanation of what is left to train. Because theclassification system outlined previously can automatically detect aTraining Type, it allows the user to do Training Types when it is mostsuitable so it is useful to be informed of what Training Types are leftto train as the user moves through the workout.

For example, after 20 mins of training the user may have completed 1repetition of Up Tempo and have completed 1 Hill. The system analysesthis against the plan of 4 Up tempo repetitions and 3 Hills and thecomment is “Training to complete; 3 Up tempo and 2 Hills, Time: 20mins.” The same system can be applied to more detailed performance andtechnique coaching.

5. System Requirements

It will be appreciated that the system of the invention may beimplemented on any suitable hardware system, platform or architecture.The hardware system may be provided on-board a device used by the useror on a remote server for example, and preferably comprises at least aprocessor for running the classification system and in particular thealgorithms, at least one memory component for storing at least thealgorithms and the threshold criteria, and interface circuitry forcommunicating with external components that either directly orindirectly provide sensor output data. It will be appreciated that theprocessor may be any form of programmable hardware device, whether aCPU, Digital Signal Processor, Field-Programmable Gate Array,Microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuit, or the like.

There are 3 possible configurations for housing the classificationsystem.

-   -   The data is processed ‘on board’ a measurement device (i.e. the        classification system is within the measurement/monitoring        device),    -   Data is processed via manual (controlled by user) or automatic        transfer (upload and download) of data via a communications        network (e.g. telecommunications, wifi etc) to a remote server        that contains the classification system, or    -   manual or automatic transfer of data to a home computer that        either contains the system or that transfers (upload and        download) the data to a remote server that contains the system.

They system may house the infrastructure for the classification andallow a person, trainer or coach to input the one or more parametersand/or the one or more associated thresholds that define an activity.

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary diagram of a user 2000 exercising or engagingin one or more activities (i.e. engaging in an activity session) whilstwearing one or more parameter sensing devices 2100 (which can be anycombination of devices as explained in the sensor types section above).The device(s) 2100 collect information on the activity session and inparticular data streams associated with the parameters required toclassify the activities performed during the user's exercise/activitysession. The device(s) 2100 may automatically process the data ‘onboard’ (or manually when the user prompts the device to process the datafor example) if the classification system is housed within themonitoring device(s). Alternatively or in addition the data may beautomatically sent over to an analysis system 2400 (which may reside ina remote server or a home computer), either wirelessly or via cables,and if sent to a remote server preferably e.g. via a network. Instead ofautomatic transmission of the data, the user may upload the datamanually to a home computer 2200 connected to the analysis system 2400via a network 2300 or even directly to a remote server where theanalysis system resides. The system (whether in the monitoring device,personal computer or remote server or elsewhere) processes the data byaccessing memory 2500 (again this may be in the monitoring device,personal computer or remote server and is not necessarily in the sameplace as the processing circuitry) containing the classification systemalgorithms and threshold criteria (and preferably user information) todetermine the activities conducted and the level of performance asdescribed above. The system 2400 may then interpret this data and anyother activity data provided by the devices 2100 to provide feedback tothe user and/or alter a training program stored in memory 2500. Theanalysis system 2400 may communicate to the user's computer or devices2100 via any communication means known in the art.

The invention is also intended to cover a method of analysing anexercise session as employed by the system described above.

CLASSIFICATION TABLES

TABLE 1 Weight Loss-Walking/Running Classification System WeightLoss-Walking/Running Classification System Primary AlgorithmClassification Intensity also Historic of Activity measurement MetricsUsed Averages, and Activity Type system (Parameters) CalibrationInactive Inactive Speed or Power (GPS, Positional Upright UprightAccelerometer, Status Speed <2 km/hr for more indoor/mechanical) ANDthan 15 sec Speed or Power <25 w for more than or Power 15 sec StrideRate: <10 strides per minute Heart Rate & Speed or Heart Rate >30% < 45%of AT heart rate Power AND >30% < 45% HR max Positional Upright StatusSpeed <2 km/hr for more AND than 2 mins Speed or Power <25 w for morethan or Power 15 sec Stride Rate: <10 strides per minute Heart Rate &Heart Rate >30% < 45% of AT heart rate Accelerometer AND >30% < 45% HRmax Movement less than pedometer measure Detected of 5 strides/min ANDUpright Positional <10 strides per minute Status Stride Rate: InactiveSpeed (GPS, Positional Prone Rest Accelerometer, Status Speed <2 km/hrfor more indoor/mechanical) or AND than 15 sec Power & Heart Rate SpeedPower <25 w for more than (or repsiration rate) or Power 15 sec R-Rcould be used AND >40% of AT heart rate <37% Heart Rate HR max or <12breaths a minute or Respiration Rate Accelerometer & Heart PositionalProne Rate (or Respiration Status <40% of AT heart rate <37% Rate) ANDHR max Heart Rate <12 breaths a minute or or Respiration Rate InactiveSpeed (GPS, Positional Prone Prone Accelerometer, Status Speed <2 km/hrfor more indoor/mechanical) or AND than 15 sec Power & Heart Rate SpeedPower <25 w for more than (or repsiration rate) or Power 15 sec R-Rcould be used AND >40% of AT heart rate >37% Heart Rate HR max or >12breaths a minute or Respiration Rate Accelerometer & Heart PositionalProne Rate (or Respiration Status >40% of AT heart rate >37% Rate) ANDHR max Heart Rate >12 breaths a minute or or Respiration Rate WalkingEasy Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Walking Accelerometer,change gradient) and >-2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%)Power gradient) stop: gradient > 2 degrees AND over 6 meters verticalgain Speed or stop: gradient > 2 degrees > or Power 30 secs Possiblewith ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Extra <45% of AT speed Parameter:<45% of AT Power Stride Rate: >40 and <66 steps a min (1 full cycle L &R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 3-4 ofMax Effort via User Rating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degree (4%change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient) stop:gradient >2 degrees AND over 6 meters vertical gain Heart Rate stop:gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with ′edge forgiveness′(1-9 secs) Parameter: <60% of AT heart rate <55% Stride Rate: HR max (ATHR-40 bts & AT HR-110 bts) <66 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs)Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 3-4 of MaxEffort via User Rating Rolling Hills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2degrees (4% Walking Accelerometer, change. gradient) <8 degrees (15%) >indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 7 m, <20 m vertical gain Power gradient)gradient >2 degrees >70 secs, No Heart Rate AND <200 secs Speed or with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power <7 km/hr Possible < power calcfor 7 km/hr Extra taking into account and slope Parameter: <66 steps amin (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Hills - Speed (GPS, Altitudegradient >2 degrees (4% Walking Accelerometer, change gradient) <8degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 20 m, <30 m vertical gainPower gradient) gradient >2 degrees > No Heart Rate AND 200 secs <410secs Speed or with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power <7 km/hrPossible < power calc for 7 km/hr Extra taking into account and slopeParameter: <66 steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) LongClimb- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% WalkingAccelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or(slope, 30 m vertical gain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees >410 NoHeart Rate AND secs Speed or with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power<7 km/hr Possible < power calc for 7 km/hr Extra taking into account andslope Parameter: <66 steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs)Fat Burning Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% ZoneAccelerometer, change gradient) and >−2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or(slope, (−4%) Power gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6meters vertical gain Speed or stop: gradient >2 degrees > or Power 30secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Extra 45-60% of ATspeed Parameter: 45-60% of AT Power Stride Rate: <66 steps a min (1 fullcycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibrationof 5-6 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient)stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6 meters vertical gain Heart Ratestop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with ′edgeforgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: 55-70% of AT heart rate 55- StrideRate: 65% HR max (AT HR-20 bts & AT HR-50 bts) <66 steps a min (1 fullcycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibrationof 3-4 of Max Effort via User Rating Running Low Speed- Speed (GPS,Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Run Accelerometer, change gradient)and >−2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%) Power gradient)stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop:gradient >2 degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′(1-9 secs) Extra 60-90% of AT speed Parameter: 60-90% of AT Power StrideRate: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rateequivalent to Initial Calibration of 6.5-7.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6meters vertical gain Heart Rate stop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30secs Extra with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: 70-80% of ATheart rate 65- Stride Rate: 75% HR max (AT HR-10 bts & AT HR-40 bts) >70steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 6.5-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating RollingHills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% RunningAccelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or(slope, 7 m, <20 m vertical gain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees >70secs, AND <200 secs Speed or with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) orPower >7 km/hr Possible > power calc for 7 km/hr Extra taking intoaccount and slope Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L No HeartRate Stride Rate: & R kgs) Hills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2degrees (4% Running Accelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) >indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 20 m, <30 m vertical gain Power gradient)gradient >2 degrees > No Heart Rate AND 200 secs <410 secs Speed or with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power >7 km/hr Possible > power calcfor 7 km/hr Extra taking into account and slope Parameter: >70 steps amin (1 full cycle L Stride Rate & R legs) Long Climb- Speed (GPS,Altitude gradient) >2 degrees (4% Running Accelerometer, changegradient) <8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 30 m verticalgain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees >410 No Heart Rate AND secsSpeed or with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 sec ) or Power >7 km/hr Possible >power calc for 7 km/hr Extra taking into account and slopeParameter: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) HighSpeed- Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Run Accelerometer,change gradient) and >2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%)Power gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6 meters verticalgain Speed or stop: gradient >2 degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Extra 90-95% of AT speed Parameter: 90-95%of AT Power Stride Rate: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speedor Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effortvia User Rating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% changegradient) and >−2 degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient) stop: gradient >2degrees AND over 6 meters vertical gain Heart Rate stop: gradient >2degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs)Parameter: 80-90% of AT heart rate 75- Stride Rate: 85% HR max (AT HR &AT HR-10 bts) >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or HeartRate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Out of Zone- Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Too FastAccelerometer, change gradient) and >−2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or(slope, (−4%) Power gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6meters vertical gain Speed or stop: gradient >2 degrees > or Power 30secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Extra >95% of AT speedParameter: >95% of AT Power Stride Rate: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L& R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient)stop: gradient >2 degrees AND over 6 meters vertical gain Heart Ratestop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with ′edgeforgiveness′ (1 9 secs) Parameter: >90% of AT heart rate >85% StrideRate: HR max AT HR & AT HR + & - 3 bts) if Specialist: 90-101% AT heartrate & 85-95% of maximum Heart rate >70 steps a min (1 full cyde L & Rlegs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5of Max Effort via User Rating Non Specific Speed (GPS, Speed 2-6 km/hrMovement- Accelerometer, AND 5-40 impacts strides per min, Moderateindoor/mechanical) or Stride Rate: Time Uniformity >40 ms IntensityPower AND Upright Postural Status Heart Rate Heart Rate >45% and <55% ofAT HR AND (>37% and <60% of Stride Rate: Maximum Heart Rate) AND 5-40impacts strides per min, Postural Time Uniformity >40 ms Status UprightNon Specific Speed (GPS, Speed 2-6 km/hr Movement- Accelerometer, AND40-60 impacts strides per High indoor/mechanical) or Stride Rate: min,Time Uniformity >40 ms Intensity Power AND Upright Postural Status HeartRate Heart Rate >55% and <70% of AT HR AND (>55% and <65% of StrideRate: Maximum Heart Rate) AND 5-40 impacts strides per min, PosturalTime Uniformity >40 ms Status Upright Non Specific Speed (GPS, Speed 2-6km/hr Movement- Accelerometer, AND 60+ impacts strides per min, VeryHigh indoor/mechanical or Stride Rate: Time Uniformity >40 ms IntensityPower AND Upright Postural Status Heart Rate Heart Rate >70% of AT HR(>65% of AND Maximum Heart Rate) Stride Rate: 5-40 impacts/strides permin, AND Time Uniformity >40 ms Postural Upright Status MeasurementWeight Loss- Sensor/s GPS Walking/Running Speed would ClassificationSystem need smoothing. Edge Forgiveness is a period where Activity Typecan ′drop out′ of Classification GPS Altitude zone without ending theIdentification Period for that Activity Type of Activity would requireExample Collected Raw Data over the Identified Activity Type errorcorrection of Output Activity Period Inactive Inactive AccelerometerInactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Upright GPS orUpright Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force AccelerometerIdentified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct orHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, indirect) Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HeartRate Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, AccelerometerUpright Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force GPS or Identifiedpf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Accelerometer HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Power (direct or Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol indirect) Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Accelerometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Heart Rate Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Accelerometer Upright Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, ForceAccelerometer Identified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per TurnoverAccelerometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, InactiveAccelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, RestGPS or Rest Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force AccelerometerIdentified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct orHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, indirect) Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Heart Rate Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heart Rate or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceDirect Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations,Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Accelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Heart Rate Rest Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force Heart Rate or Identified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover Direct HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, InactiveAccelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, ProneGPS or Prone Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force AccelerometerIdentified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct orHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, indirect) Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Heart Rate Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heart Rate or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceDirect Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations,Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Accelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Heart Rate Prone Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force Heart Rate or Identified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover Direct HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, WalkingEasy GPS, Easy Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, WalkingBarometer, Walking Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force (DEM,Identified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, GPS, Easy Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Walking Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pf Movement, Turnover,Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol AccelerometerLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Rolling GPS, Rolling Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Hill- Barometer, Hill Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force Walking DEM, Walking pf Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer Identified HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, GPS, Hill Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Walking Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pf Movement, Turnover,Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Long GPS, Long Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Climb-Barometer, Climb Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force WalkingDEM, Walking pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover InclinometerIdentified HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (including information ontheir Activities), Direction to User is Facing, Fat Burning GPS, FastSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Zone Barometer, WalkingLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pfMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, Fast Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Walking Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pf Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolAccelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Running Low Speed- GPS, LowSpeed Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Run Barometer, RunLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pfMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, Low SpeedSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Run Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pf Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolAccelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Rolling GPS, Rolling Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Hills- Barometer, Hill Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force Running DEM, Running pf Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer Identified HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Hills- GPS, Hills Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Running Barometer, Running Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pf Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Long GPS, Long Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Climb-Barometer, Climb Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force RunningDEM, Running pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover InclinometerIdentified HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HighSpeed- GPS, High Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, RunBarometer, Speed Run Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM,Identified pf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, High Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Speed Run Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Identified pf Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolAccelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Out of Zone- GPS, Too fastSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Too Fast Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Very Highpf Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer Speed HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Identified Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Power (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force indirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, Too fastSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, IdentifiedLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force DEM, Very High pfMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer Speed HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Identified BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Accelerometer Levels, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Non GPS or Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Specific Accelerometer Specific Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force Movement- Accelerometer Movement pf Movement, Turnover, Distanceper Turnover Moderate Accelerometer Moderate HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Intensity Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolIdentified Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate Heart Rate NonSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Accelerometer SpecificLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force Accelerometer Movement pfMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Moderate HR-R-(HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Intensity Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolIdentified Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope Gradient Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Non GPS or Non Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Specific Accelerometer Specific Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force Movement- Accelerometer Movement pfMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover High Accelerometer High HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Intensity Intensity BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Identified Levels, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Heart Rate Heart Rate Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, Accelerometer Specific Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force Accelerometer Movement pf Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover Moderate HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, IntensityBody Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Identified Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis High Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force Intensity Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas IdentifiedConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Non GPS or Non Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Specific Accelerometer Specific Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force Movement- Accelerometer Movement pfMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Very High Accelerometer VeryHigh HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Intensity Intensity BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Identified Levels, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Heart Rate Heart Rate Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, Accelerometer Specific Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force Accelerometer Movement pf Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover Very High HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, IntensityBody Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Identified Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing,

TABLE 2 Activity StatusMonitoring-Health/Military/Personel-Walking/Running ClassificationSystem Activity StatusMonitoring-Health/Military/Personel-Walking/Running ClassificationSystem Primary Classification Intensity Metrics of Activity measurementUsed Algorithm also Historic Type system (Parameters) Averages, andCalibration Inactive Speed or Power (GPS, Positional Upright UprightAccelerometer Status AND Speed <2 km/hr for more indoor/mechanical)Speed or than 15sec or Power Power <25 w for more than Stride Rate 15sec <10 strides per minute Heart Rate & Speed or Heart Rate >30% < 45%of AT heart rate Power AND >30% < 45% HR max Positional Upright StatusAND Speed <2 km/hr for more Speed or than 2 mins or Power Power <25 wfor more than Stride Rate: 15 sec <10 strides per minute Heart Rate &Heart Rate >30% < 45% of AT heart rate Accelerometer AND >30% < 45% HRmax Movement less than pedometer measure Detected of 5 strides/min ANDUpright Positional <10 strides per minute Status Stride Rate: InactiveRest Speed (GPS, Positional Prone (<80 degree to upright) Accelerometer,Status AND Speed < 2 km/hr for more indoor/mechanical) or Speed than 15sec Power & Heart Rate or Power Power <25 w for more than (orrepsiration rate) AND 15 sec R-R could be used Heart Rate <40% of ATheart rate <37% or HR max Respiration <12 breaths a minute RateAccelerometer & Heart Positional Prone (<80 degree to upright) Rate (orRespiration Rate) Status AND <40% of AT heart rate <37% Heart Rate HRmax or <12 breaths a minute or Respiration Rate Inactive Speed (GPS,Positional Prone (<80 degree to upright) Prone Accelerometer, Status ANDSpeed <2 km/hr for more indoor/mechanical) or Speed than 15 sec Power &Heart Rate or Power Power <25 w for more than (or repsiration rate) AND15 sec R-R could be used Heart Rate >40% of AT heart rate >37% or HR maxor >12 breaths a minute Respiration Rate Accelerometer & HeartPositional Prone (<80 degree to upright) Rate (or Respiration Rate)Status AND >40% of AT heart rate >37% Heart Rate HR max or >12 breaths aminute or Respiration Rate Easy Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees(4% Walking Accelerometer, change gradient) and >−2 degreesindoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%) Power gradient) stop: gradient >2degrees over AND 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop: gradient >2degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs)Extra <45% of AT speed Parameter: <45% of AT Power Stride Rate: <66steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 3-4 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart RateAltitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope,(−4%) gradient) stop: gradient > 2 degrees over AND 6 meters verticalgain Heart Rate stop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: <60% of AT heart rate <55%Stride Rate: HR max (AT HR-40 bts & AT HR-110 bts) <66 steps a min (1full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to InitialCalibration of 3-4 of Max Effort via User Rating Rolling Hills- Speed(GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% Walking Accelerometer, changegradient) <8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 7 m, <20 mvertical gain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees >70 secs, No HeartRate AND <200 secs Speed or with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power<7 km/hr Possible < power calc for 7 km/hr Extra taking into account andslope Parameter: <66 steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs)Hills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% WalkingAccelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or(slope, 20 m, <30 m vertical gain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees >200 secs No Heart Rate AND <410 secs Speed or with 'edge forgiveness'(1-9 secs) or Power <7 km/hr Possible < power calc for 7 km/hr Extrataking into account and slope Parameter: <66 steps a min (1 full cycle LStride Rate: & R legs) Long Climb- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2degrees (4% Walking Accelerometer, change. gradient) <8 degrees (15%) >indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 30 m vertical gain Power gradient)gradient >2 degrees > 410 No Heart Rate AND secs Speed or with ′edgeforgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power <7 km/hr Possible < power calc for 7km/hr Extra taking into account and slope Parameter: <66 steps a min (1full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Fast Walking Speed (GPS, AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% Accelerometer, change gradient) and >−2 degreesindoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%) Power gradient) stop: gradient >2degrees over AND 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop: gradient >2degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs)Extra 45-60% of AT speed Parameter: 45-60% of AT Power Stride Rate: <66steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 5-6 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart RateAltitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope,(−4%) gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees over AND 6 meters verticalgain Heart Rate stop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: 55-70% of AT heart rate 55-Stride Rate: 65% HR max (AT HR-20 bts & AT HR-50 bts) <66 steps a min (1full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to InitialCalibration of 5-6 of Max Effort via User Rating Low Speed- Speed (GPS,Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Run Accelerometer, change. gradient)and >−2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%) Power gradient)stop: gradient >2 degrees over AND 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop:gradient >2 degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′(1-9 secs) Extra 60- 90% of AT speed Parameter: 60- 90% of AT PowerStride Rate: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or HeartRate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 6.5-7.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees over AND 6meters vertical gain Heart Rate stop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30secs Extra with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: 70-80% of ATheart rate 65- Stride Rate: 75% HR max (AT HR-10 bts & AT HR-40 bts) >70steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 6.5-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating RollingHills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% RunningAccelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or(slope, 7 m, <20 m vertical gain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees >70 secs, No Heart Rate AND <200 secs Speed or with ′edge forgiveness′(1-9 secs) or Power >7 km/hr Possible > power calc for 7 km/hr Extrataking into account and slope Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle LStride Rate: & R legs) Hills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient > 2 degrees(4% Running Accelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) >indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 20 m, <30 m vertical gain Power gradient)gradient >2 degrees >200 secs No Heart Rate AND <410 secs Speed or with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power >7 km/hr Possible > power calcfor 7 km/hr Extra taking into account and slope Parameter: >70 steps amin (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Long Climb- Speed (GPS,Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% Running Accelerometer, change gradient)<8 degrees (15%) > indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 30 m vertical gainPower gradient) gradient >2 degrees > 410 No Heart Rate AND secs Speedor with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) or Power >7 km/hr Possible > powercalc for 7 km/hr Extra taking into account and slope Parameter: >70steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) High Speed- Speed(GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Run Accelerometer, change gradient)and >−2 degrees indoor/mechanical) or (slope, (−4%) Power gradient)stop: gradient >2 degrees over AND 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop:gradient >2 degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′(l-9 secs) Extra 90-95% of AT speed Parameter: 90-95% of AT Power StrideRate: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rateequivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2degrees (slope, (−4%) gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees over AND 6meters vertical gain Heart Rate stop: gradient > 2 degrees > Possible 30secs Extra with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: 80-90% of ATheart rate 75- Stride Rate: 85% HR max (AT HR & AT HR-10 bts) >70 stepsa min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Out ofZone- Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Too Fast Accelerometer,change gradient) and >−2 degrees Specialist: indoor/mechanical) or(slope, (−4%) Very High Power gradient) stop: gradient > 2 degrees overSpeed-Run AND 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop: gradient >2degrees > or Power 30 sec Possible with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs)Extra >95% of AT speed if Parameter: Specialist: 95-101% AT speed)Stride Rate: >95% of AT Power if Specialist: 95-101% AT power) >70 stepsa min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 8.5-9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart RateAltitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope,(−4%) gradient) stop: gradien >2 degrees over AND 6 meters vertical gainHeart Rate stop: gradien >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with ′edgeforgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: >90% of AT heart rate >85% StrideRate: HR max AT HR & AT HR + & - 3 bts) if Specialist: 90-101% AT heartrate & 85-95% of maximum Heart rate >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & Rlegs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 8.5-9.5of Max Effort via User Rating Specialist: Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2degrees (4% Sprint Flat Accelerometer, change gradient) and >−2 degrees(- indoor /mechanical) or (slope, 4%) Power gradient) stop: gradient >2degrees over AND 6 meters vertical gain Speed or stop: gradient >2degrees > or Power 30 secs Possible with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs)Extra >101% of AT speed Parameter: >105% of AT Power Stride Rate: >85steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of >9 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart RateAltitude Slope <2 degrees (4% change gradient) and >−2 degrees (slope,(−4%) gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees over AND 6 meters verticalgain Heart Rate stop: gradient >2 degrees > Possible 30 secs Extra with′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Parameter: > 101% of AT heart rate StrideRate: >95% HR max (> AT HR + 3 bts) if Specialist: 90-101% AT heart rate& 85-95% of maximum Heart rate > 85 steps a min (1 full cycle L & Rlegs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of >9 of MaxEffort via User Rating Specialist: Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2degrees (4% Sprint Hills Accelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees(15%) > indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 6 m, vertical gain Power gradient)gradient >2 degrees >70 secs, No Heart Rate AND with ′edge forgiveness′(1-9 secs) Speed or >12 km/hr or Power > power calc for 12 km/hrPossible taking into account and slope Extra >85 steps a min (1 fullcycle L Parameter: & R legs) Stride Rate: Heart Rate Altitudegradient >2 degrees (4% change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) > (slope, 6 m,vertical gain gradient) gradient >2 degrees >70 secs, AND with ′edgeforgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Heart Rate >101% of AT heart rate Possible >95%HR max (> AT HR + Extra 3 bts) Parameter: if Specialist: 90-101% ATheart Stride Rate: rate & 85-95% of maximum Heart rate >85 steps a min(1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to InitialCalibration of >9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Specialist: Speed(GPS, Positional Prone Crawling Accelerometer, Status Speed >21 cm/hrfor more indoor/mechanical) or Speed than 15 sec Power & Heart Rate orPower Power >25 w for more than (or repsiration rate) 15 sec Specialist:Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >8 degrees (15% Climbing Accelerometer,change gradient) >2 m, vertical gain indoor/mechanical) or (slope,gradient >8 degrees >70 secs, Power gradient) with ′edge forgiveness′(1-9 secs) AND <3 km/hr Speed or >power calc for 3 km/hr or Power takinginto account and slope Specialist: Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >−8degrees (−15% Descending Accelerometer, change gradient) >2 m, verticalloss indoor/mechanical) or (slope, gradient >−8 degrees > Powergradient) 70 secs, AND with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Speed or >0km/hr or Power > power calc for 0 km/hr taking into account and slopeNon Specific Speed (GPS, Speed 2-6 km/hr Movement- Accelerometer, AND5-40 impacts/strides per min, Moderate indoor/mechanic or Stride Rate:Time Uniformity >40 ms Intensity Power AND Upright Postural Status HeartRate Heart Rate > 45% and <55% of AT HR AND (>37% and <60% of StrideRate: Maximum Heart Rate) AND 5-40 impacts/strides per min, PosturalTime Uniformity >40 ms Status Upright Non Specific Speed (GPS, Speed 2-6km/hr Movement- Accelerometer, AND 40-60 impacts/strides per Highindoor/mechanical) or Stride Rate: min, Time Uniformity >40 ms IntensityPower AND Upright Postural Status Heart Rate Heart Rate >55% and <70% ofAT HR AND (>55% and <65% of Stride Rate: Maximum Heart Rate) AND 40-60impacts/strides per Postural min, Time Uniformity >40 ms Status UprightNon Specific Speed (GPS, Speed 2-6 km/hr Movement- Accelerometer, AND60+ impacts/strides per min, Very High indoor/mechanical) or StrideRate: Time Uniformity >40 ms Intensity Power AND Upright Postural StatusHeart Rate Heart Rate >70% of AT HR (>65% of AND Maximum Heart Rate)Stride Rate: 60+ impacts/strides per min, AND Time Uniformity >40 msPostural Upright Status Activity Status Monitoring- Health/ Military/Personel- Walking/ Running Classification Measurement Sensor/s SystemGPS Speed would Edge Forgiveness is a period where Activity Type can′drop out′ of Classification need smoothing zone without ending theIdentification Period for that Activity Type of Activity GPS Altitudewould require Example Collected Raw Data over the Identified Type errorcorrection. of Output Activity Period Inactive Accelerometer InactiveSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Upright GPS orUpright Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AccelerometerIdentified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct or HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body indirect) Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Heart RateInactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Accelerometer Upright Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement,GPS or Identified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Accelerometer HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Power (direct or Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse indirect) Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Accelerometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Heart Rate & Heart Rate Inactive Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Accelerometer Accelerometer UprightAltitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AccelerometerIdentified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Accelerometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Inactive Rest Accelerometer InactiveSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, GPS or RestAltitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AccelerometerIdentified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct or HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body indirect) Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Heart Rate or Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisDirect Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) InactiveAccelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Location, Prone Heart Rate Rest Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, Heart Rate or Identified Turnover, Distance per TurnoverDirect HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) AccelerometerInactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, GPS orProne Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AccelerometerIdentified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct or HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body indirect) Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Heart Rate Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeart Rate or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force DirectMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Easy Accelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Walking Heart Rate Prone Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf Movement, Heart Rate or Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Direct HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps,Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measuresfor Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (including information on their Activities),Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to Useris Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right)GPS, Easy Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Barometer, Walking Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM,Identified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body GPS or Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) GPS, Easy Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Barometer, Walking Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover, Distance perTurnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyHeart Rate Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Rolling Hills- GPS, Rolling HillSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Walking Barometer,Walking Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, IdentifiedTurnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Hills- GPS, Hill Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, Location, Walking Barometer, Walking Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover, Distance per TurnoverInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Long Climb-GPS, Long Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, WalkingBarometer, Climb Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM,Walking Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer Identified HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Fast Walking GPS, Fast Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Barometer, Walking Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body GPS or Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct or Heavinessof Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force indirect) Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Accelerometer Concentrations, Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (including information on their Activities),Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to Useris Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right)Heart Rate GPS, Fast Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Location, Barometer, Walking Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, DEM, Identified Turnover, Distance per Turnover InclinometerHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Heart Rate Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Low Speed-GPS, Low Speed Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, RunBarometer, Run Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM,Identified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body GPS or Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct or Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Heart Rate GPS, Low Speed Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Barometer, Run Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body Heart Rate Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Rolling Hills- GPS, Rolling HillSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Running Barometer,Running Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, IdentifiedTurnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Hills- GPS, Hills Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, Location, Running Barometer, Running Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover, Distance per TurnoverInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Long Climb-GPS, Long Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, RunningBarometer, Climb Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM,Running Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer Identified HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) High Speed- GPS, High Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Run Barometer, Speed Run Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body GPS or Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct or Heavinessof Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force indirect) Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Accelerometer Concentrations, Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Heart Rate GPS, High Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Barometer, Speed Run Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body Heart Rate Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Out of Zone GPS, Too fast Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, -Too Fast Barometer,Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, Specialist:DEM, Very High Turnover, Distance per Turnover Very High InclinometerSpeed HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Speed-Run GPS orIdentified Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct or Heavinessof Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force indirect) Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Accelerometer Concentrations, Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (including information on their Activities),Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to Useris Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right)Heart Rate GPS, Too fast Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Location, Barometer, Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, DEM, Very High Turnover, Distance per Turnover InclinometerSpeed HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Heart RateIdentified Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseAccelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Specialist: GPS, Flat Sprint Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Sprint Flat Barometer,Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body GPS or Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels,Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct orHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force indirect) Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Accelerometer Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Heart Rate GPS, Flat Sprint Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Barometer, Identified Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Turnover, Distance per TurnoverInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Heart RateTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Specialist: GPS, Hill Sprint Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Sprint Hills Barometer, IdentifiedAltitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Turnover, Distanceper Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Heart RateGPS, Hill Sprint Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Barometer, Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement,DEM, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG,BP, Respiration Rate, Body Heart Rate Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Accelerometer Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Specialist: Accelerometer CrawlingSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Crawling GPS orIdentified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement,Accelerometer Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct or HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body indirect) Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Specialist: GPS, Hill Sprint Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Climbing Barometer,Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Specialist: GPS, Hill Sprint Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Descending Barometer, Identified Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, DEM, Turnover, Distance perTurnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Non SpecificGPS or Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Movement- Accelerometer Specific Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, Moderate Accelerometer Movement Turnover, Distance perTurnover Intensity Accelerometer Moderate HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Intensity Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Identified Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of anobject or incident Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Location of Resources, Goal Target,Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vsLateral Movement (left and right) Heart Rate Non Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Accelerometer Specific Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf Movement, Accelerometer Movement Turnover, Distanceper Turnover Moderate HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyIntensity Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse IdentifiedOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Non Specific GPS or Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Location, Movement- Accelerometer Specific Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, High Accelerometer MovementTurnover, Distance per Turnover Intensity Accelerometer High HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Intensity Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Identified Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Heart RateHeart Rate Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Accelerometer Specific Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement,Accelerometer Movement Turnover, Distance per Turnover Moderate HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Intensity Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Identified Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis HighHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Intensity Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Identified Concentrations, Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance, Location of an object or incident WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Location of Resources, Goal Target, Mission ObjectivesDirection to User is Facing, Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement(left and right) Non Specific GPS or Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Location, Movement- Accelerometer Specific Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, Very High Accelerometer MovementTurnover, Distance per Turnover Intensity Accelerometer Very High HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Intensity Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Identified Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right) Heart RateHeart Rate Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Accelerometer Specific Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement,Accelerometer Movement Turnover, Distance per Turnover Very High HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Intensity Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Identified Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance, Location of an object or incident Weather Forecast, Locationof other Users (including information on their Activities), Location ofResources, Goal Target, Mission Objectives Direction to User is Facing,Forwards vs Backwards vs Lateral Movement (left and right)

TABLE 3 Running Classification Running Classification System (CrossCountry Skiing, Skating) Algorithm Primary also Classification IntensityMetrics Historic of Activity measurement Used Averages, and ActivityType system (Parameters) Calibration Stationary Inactive Speed or Power(GPS, Speed or Speed <2 km/hr for more than Accelerometer, or Power 15sec indoor/mechanical) Power <25 w for more than 15 sec Heart Rate &Speed or Heart Rate >30% <70% of AT heart rate Power AND >30% < 60% HRmax Speed or Speed <1 km/hr for more than or Power 2 mins Power <25 wfor more than 15 sec Running Easy Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees(4% gradient) Accelerometer, change and >−2 degrees (−4%)indoor/mechanical) or (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 Powergradient) meters vertical gain AND stop: gradient >2 degrees > Speed or30 secs or Power with ′edge forgiveness′ (1-9 secs) Possible 65-90% ofAT speed Extra 65-90% of AT Power Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 fullcycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to InitialCalibration of 6-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% gradient) change and >2 degrees (−4%) (slope, stop:gradient >2 degrees over 6 gradient) meters vertical gain AND stop:gradient >2 degrees > Heart Rate 30 secs Possible with 'edgeforgiveness' (1-9 secs) Extra 70-80% of AT heart rate 60- Parameter: 75%HR max (AT HR-10 bts & Stride Rate: AT HR-40 bts) >70 steps a min (1full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to InitialCalibration of 6.5-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Rolling Speed (GPS,Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4% Hills- Accelerometer, change gradient)<8 degrees (15%) > Running indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 7 m, <20 mvertical gain Power gradient) gradient >2 degrees > 70 secs, < No HeartRate AND 200 secs Speed or with 'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) orPower >7 km/hr Possible > power calc for 7 km/hr taking Extra intoaccount and slope Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L StrideRate: & R legs) Hills- Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4%Running Accelerometer, change gradient) <8 degrees (15%) >indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 20 m, <30 m vertical gain Power gradient)gradient >2 degrees >200 secs No Heart Rate AND <410 secs Speed or with'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) or Power >7 km/hr Possible > power calcfor 7 km/hr taking Extra into account and slope Parameter: >70 steps amin (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Long Speed (GPS, Altitudegradient >2 degrees (4% Climb- Accelerometer, change gradient) <8degrees (15%) > Running indoor/mechanical) or (slope, 30 m vertical gainPower gradient) gradient >2 degrees >410 secs No Heart Rate AND with'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) Speed or >7 km/hr or Power > power calcfor 7 km/hr taking Possible into account and slope Extra >70 steps a min(1 full cycle L Parameter: & R legs) Stride Rate: Hill Speed (GPS,Altitude slope = 2-4 degrees (gradient = Efforts Accelerometer, change4-7%) indoor/mechanical) or (slope, stop: slope >4 degrees (7%) Powergradient) stop: slope less than 2 degrees AND with 'edge forgiveness'(l-9 secs) Speed or or Power 90-95% of AT speed (AT Possible Speed-(ATSpeed* 5%), AT Extra Speed * 95% Parameter: 95-105% of AT Power StrideRate: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed or Heart Rateequivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude slope = 2-4 degrees (gradient = change 4-7%)(slope, stop: slope > 4 degrees (7%) gradient) stop: slope less than 2degrees AND with 'edge forgiveness' (l-9 secs) Heart Rate 80-90% of ATheart rate 75- Possible 85% HR max (AT HR & AT Extra HR-10 bts)Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Speedor Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 6.5-7.5 of Max Effortvia User Rating Up Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient)Tempo Accelerometer, change and >−2 degrees (−4%) indoor/mechanical) or(slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 Power gradient) meters verticalgain AND stop: gradient >2 degrees > Speed or 30 secs or Power with'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) Possible 90-95% of AT speed Extra 90-95%of AT Power Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L Stride Rate: & Rlegs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4%gradient) change and >−2 degrees (−4%) (slope, stop: gradient >2 degreesover 6 gradient) meters vertical gain AND stop: gradient >2 degrees >Heart Rate 30 secs Possible with 'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) Extra80-90% of AT heart rate 75- Parameter: 85% HR max (AT HR & AT StrideRate: HR-10 bts) >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs) Speed orHeart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effortvia User Rating Anaerobic Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4%gradient) Threshold Accelerometer, change and >−2 degrees (−4%)indoor/mechanical) or (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 Powergradient) meters vertical gain AND stop: gradient >2 degrees > Speed or30 secs or Power with 'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) Possible 95-105% ofAT speed Extra 95-105% of AT Power Parameter: >70 steps a min (1 fullcycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to InitialCalibration of 8.5-9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% gradient) change and >−2 degrees (−4%) (slope,stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 gradient) meters vertical gain ANDstop: gradient >2 degrees > Heart Rate 30 secs Possible with 'edgeforgiveness' (1-9 secs) Extra 99-101% of AT heart rate 85- Parameter:95% HR max (AT HR + & −3 Stride Rate: bts) >70 steps a min (1 full cycleL & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of8.5-9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Sprint Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope<2 degrees (4% gradient) Accelerometer, change and >−2 degrees (−4%)indoor/mechanical) or (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 Powergradient) meters vertical gain AND stop: gradient >2 degrees > Speed or30 secs or Power with 'edge forgiveness' (l-9 secs) Possible 105%-115%of AT speed Extra 105%-115% of AT Power Parameter: >70 steps a min (1full cycle L Stride Rate: & R legs) Speed or Heart Rate equivalent toInitial Calibration of 8.5-9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart RateAltitude Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) Heart Rate Weak to changeand >−2 degrees (−4%) Classify this (slope, stop: gradient >2 degreesover 6 gradient) meters vertical gain AND stop: gradient >2 degrees >Heart Rate 30 secs Possible with 'edge forgiveness' (l-9 secs) Extra101-103% of AT heart rate > Parameter: 95-98% HR max (AT HR + 3 StrideRate: bts, AT HR + 8 bts) >70 steps a min (1 full cycle L & R legs)Speed or Heart Rate equivalent to Initial Calibration of 8.5-9.5 of MaxEffort via User Rating Overspeed Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <−2 degrees(−4% Accelerometer, change gradient) and >−4 degrees (−7%)indoor/mechanical) or (slope, stop: gradient >−2 degrees over Powergradient) 15 secs, <−4 degrees over 15 secs AND with 'edge forgiveness'(1-9 secs) Speed or 100%-105% of AT speed or Power 100%-105% of AT PowerSpeed (GPS, Altitude Slope<−2 degrees (−4% Accelerometer, changegradient) and >−4 degrees (−7%) indoor/mechanical) or (slope, stop:gradient >−2 degrees over Power and Stride Rate gradient) 15 secs, <−4degrees over 15 secs AND with 'edge forgiveness' (1-9 secs) Speed or100%-105% of AT speed or Power 100%-105% of AT Power AND >5% AT SR (1full cycle L & R Stride Rate: legs) Measurement Running ClassificationSensor/s GPS System (Cross Speed would Country Skiing, Skating) needsmoothing. Edge Forgiveness is a period where Activity Type can ′dropout′ of Classification GPS Altitude zone without ending theIdentification Period for that Activity Type of Activity would requireExample Collected Raw Data over the Identified Activity Type errorcorrection of Output Activity Period Stationary Inactive GPS or InactiveSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Accelerometer IdentifiedLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Power (direct (Pause)Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover or indirect) HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate Inactive Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, GPS or Identified Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Accelerometer (Pause) Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power (direct HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, or indirect) Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Running Easy GPS, Easy Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Identified Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM, Movement, Turnover, Distanceper Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPSor Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force or indirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental GasAccelerometer Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HeartRate GPS, Easy Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM,Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, RollingGPS, Rolling Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Hills-Barometer, Hill Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfIdentified DEM, Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per TurnoverInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, Hills-GPS, Hill Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, IdentifiedBarometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfDEM, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Long GPS, Long Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Climb- Barometer, Climb Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Identified DEM, Identified Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Hill Efforts GPS, Hill Effort Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Timeof Day, Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force pf DEM, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force orindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, Hill EffortSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, IdentifiedLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM, Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Up Tempo GPS, Up Tempo Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Identified Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM, Movement, Turnover, Distanceper Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPSor Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force or indirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental GasAccelerometer Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HeartRate GPS, Up Tempo Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM,Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, AnaerobicGPS, Anaerobic Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, ThresholdBarometer, Threshold Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfDEM, Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover InclinometerHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Power (direct Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceor indirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, AnaerobicSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, ThresholdLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM, IdentifiedMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, SprintGPS, Sprint Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM,Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisPower (direct Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force orindirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas AccelerometerConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate GPS, Sprint Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Barometer, Identified Location,Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf DEM, Movement, Turnover, Distanceper Turnover Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, AccelerometerPulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations,Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Overspeed GPS, Overspeed Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf DEM, Movement, Turnover, Distance per TurnoverInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, GPS or BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Power (direct Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force or indirect) Measures for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weathe (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Speed (GPS) GPS, OverspeedSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Accelerometer, Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf indoor/ DEM,Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover mechanical) Inclinometer HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, ` or GPS or Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Power and Accelerometer Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis Stride Rate Power (direct Heaviness of Footfall,L-R Power Balance, Force or indirect) Measures for Gait, EnvironmentalGas Accelerometer Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (including information ontheir Activities), Direction to User is Facing,

TABLE 4 Cycling Classification Edge Forgiveness is a period whereActivity Type can ‘drop out’ of zone without ending the IdentificationPeriod for that Activity Type Measurement Sensor/s GPS Speed would needCycling Classification System smoothing. Classfication Primary IntensityMetrics Algorithm GPS Altitude of Activity measurement Used alsoHistoric Averages, and would require Example Collected Raw Data over theIdentified Activity Type system (Parameters) Calibration errorcorrection. of Output Activity Period Running Inactive Speed or PowerSpeed or Speed <2 km/hr for more than GPS or Cycle Inactive Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (GPS, Acclerometer, or Power 15 secSpeed Sensor Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance perindoor/mechanical) Power <25 w for more than 15 sec Power (direct or(Pause) Turnover indirect) HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Stroke (direct, Lateral,Vertical and tangental), Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Heart Rate Inactive Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Heart Rate & Speed Heart Rate >30% <70% of AT heartrate GPS or Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per orPower AND >30% <60% HR max Accelerometer (Pause) Turnover Speed or Speed<1 km/hr for more than Power (direct or HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, or Power 15 secs indirect) Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Power <25 w for more than 15 sec Levels, Pulse Oximetry, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Stroke (direct, Lateral,Vertical and tangental), Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Easy Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees(4% gradient) GPS, Easy Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Acderometer, change and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer, IdentifiedLocation, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per indoor/mechanical) (slope,stop, gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM, Turnover or Power gradient) metersvertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, ANDstop: gradient >2 degrees GPS or Cycle Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Speed or >30 secs Speed Sensor Levels, Pulse Oximetry, orPower with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Power (direct or L-R PowerBalance, Force Measures for Pedal Possible 65-90% of AT speed indirect)Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental), Extra 65-90% of ATPower Cycle Cadence Environmental Gas Concentrations, Parameter: 30 secsSensor Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Cadence Road: 90-105rpm, Triathlon, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather MTB, TT:85-95 rpm, (rain etc), Distance Recreational: 80-95 rpm Speed or HeartRate equivilent to Intial Calibration of 6-7.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, EasySpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, change and >-2 degrees (-4%)Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope,stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM, Turnover gradient) meters verticalgain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop:gradient >2 degrees >30 secs Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Heart Rate with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Cycle CadenceLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Possible 70-80% of AT heart rate 65-75% SensorL-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Extra HR max (AT HR-10 bts &AT Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental), Parameter: HR-40bts) Environmental Gas Concentrations, Cadence Road: 90-105rpm,Triathlon, MTB, TT: 85-95rpm, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Recreational: 80-95rpm Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to (rain etc), Distance IntialCalibration of 6-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Rolling No PrimaryAltitude gradient > 2degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Rolling Hill Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Hills Intensity change <8 degrees(15%) >7 m, <20 m Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover,Distance per (Altitude) (slope, vertical gain DEM, Turnover gradient)gradient >2 degrees >70 secs, Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, <200 secs Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol with‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Levels, Pulse Oximetry, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Pedal Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical andtangental), Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Hills No Primary Altitude gradient >2 degrees (4%gradient) GPS, Hill Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Intensitychange <8 degrees (15%) >20 m, <30 m Barometer, Identified Location,Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (Altitude) (slope, vertical gain DEM,Turnover gradient) gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG,BP, Respiration Rate, >200 secs <410 secs Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Levels, Pulse Oximetry,L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Stroke (direct, Lateral,Vertical and tangental), Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Long No Primary Altitude gradient >2degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Long Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, Climb Intensity change <8 degrees (15%) >30 m vertical Barometer,Climb Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (Altitude) (slope, gainDEM, Identified Turnover gradient) gradient >2 degrees >410 secsInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, with ‘edgeforgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels,Pulse Oximetry, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Stroke(direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental), Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Hill Speed(GPS, Altitude slope = 2-4 degrees GPS, Hill Effort Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Efforts Acclerometer, change (gradient =4-7%) Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance perindoor/mechanical) (slope, stop: slope >4 degrees (7%) DEM, Turnover orPower gradient) stop: slope less than 2 degrees Inclinometer HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs)GPS or Cycle Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Speed or 90-95% ofAT speed (AT Speed- Speed Sensor Levels, Pulse Oximetry, or Power (ATSpeed * 5%), AT Speed * Power (direct or L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Pedal Possible 95% indirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral,Vertical and tangental), Extra 95-105% of AT Power Cycle CadenceEnvironmental Gas Concentrations, Parameter: Road: 90-105 rpm,Triathlon, Sensor Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, CadenceMTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, WeatherRecreational: 80-95 rpm (rain etc), Distance Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Intial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude slope = 2-4 degrees GPS, Hill Effort Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, change (gradient = 4-7%) Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope, stop:slope >4 degrees (7%) DEM, Turnover gradient) stop: slope less than 2degrees Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND with‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Heart Rate 80-90% of AT heart rate 75-85% Cycle CadenceLevels, Pulse Oximetry, Possible HR max (AT HR & AT HR-10 bts) SensorL-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Extra Road: 90-105 rpm,Triathlon, Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental), Parameter:MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, Environmental Gas Concentrations, CadenceRecreational: 80-95 rpm Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather Intial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of (rain etc), Distance Max Effortvia User Rating Flat Big Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4%gradient) GPS, Flat Big Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, GearAcclerometer, change and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer, Gear Location,Altitude, Turnover, Distance per indoor/mechanical) (slope, stop:gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM, Identified Turnover or Power gradient)meters vertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, AND stop: gradient >2 degrees GPS or Cycle Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Speed or >30 secs Speed Sensor Levels, PulseOximetry, or Power with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Power (direct orL-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal AND 65-90% of AT speedindirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental), Cadence or65-90% of AT Power Cycle Cadence Environmental Gas Concentrations, orDistance Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, Sensor Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, per Pedal MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, GPS or Cycle Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Revolution Recreational: 80-95 rpmSpeed & (rain etc), Distance 85-130% of AT Distance per Cadence SensorPedal Revolution Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Intial Calibration of6-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate Altitude GPS, Flat BigSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, change Slope <2 degrees (4%gradient) Barometer, Gear Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per(slope, and >-2 degrees (−4%) DEM, Identified Turnover gradient) stop:gradient >2 degrees over 6 Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, AND meters vertical gain Heart Rate Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Heart Rate stop: gradient >2 degrees Cycle CadenceLevels, Pulse Oximetry, AND >30 secs Sensor L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures for Pedal Cadence or with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) GPS orCycle Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental), or Distance70-80% of AT heart rate 65-75% Speed & Environmental Gas Concentrations,per Pedal HR max (AT HR-10 bts & AT Cadence Sensor Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Revolution HR-40 bts) Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, (rain etc), DistanceMTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, Recreational: 80-95 rpm 85-130% of AT Distance perPedal Revolution Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Intial Calibration of6-7.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS,Big Gear Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Big Gear Speed (GPS,Altitude and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer, Time Trial Location, Altitude,Turnover, Distance per Time Trial Acclerometer, change stop: gradient >2degrees over 6 DEM, Indentified Turnover indoor/mechanical) (slope,meters vertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, or Power gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees GPS or Cycle BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol AND >30 secs Speed Sensor Levels,Pulse Oximetry, Speed or with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Power(direct or L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal or Power 90-105%of AT speed indirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental),AND 90-120% of AT Power Cycle Cadence Environmental Gas Concentrations,Cadence or Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, Sensor Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, or Distance MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, GPS or CycleAltitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather per Pedal Recreational:80-95 rpm Speed & (rain etc), Distance Revolution 100-130% of ATDistance per Cadence Sensor Pedal Revolution Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Intial Calibration of 7.5 -8.5 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude GPS, Big Gear Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, change Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) Barometer, Time TrialLocation, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope, and >-2 degrees (−4%)DEM, Indentified Turnover gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND metersvertical gain Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol HeartRate stop: gradient >2 degrees Cycle Cadence Levels, Pulse Oximetry,AND >30 secs Sensor L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Cadenceor with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) GPS or Cycle Stroke (direct,Lateral, Vertical and tangental), or Distance 80-90% of AT heart rate75-85% Speed & Environmental Gas Concentrations, per Pedal HR max (AT HR& AT HR- Cadence Sensor Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,Revolution 10 bts) Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Road:90-105 rpm, Triathlon, (rain etc), Distance MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm,Recreational: 80-95 rpm 100-130% of AT Distance per Pedal Revolution UpTempo Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Up TempoSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Acclerometer, change and >-2degrees (−4%) Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover,Distance per indoor/mechanical) (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6DEM, Turnover or Power gradient) meters vertical gain Inclinometer HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop: gradient >2 degrees GPSor Cycle Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Speed or >30 secs SpeedSensor Levels, Pulse Oximetry, or Power with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9secs) Power (direct or L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for PedalPossible 90-95% of AT speed indirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral, Verticaland tangental), Extra 90-95% of AT Power Cycle Cadence Environmental GasConcentrations, Parameter: Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, SensorEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Cadence MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Recreational: 80-95 rpm(rain etc), Distance Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to IntialCalibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Up Tempo Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, change and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer, IdentifiedLocation, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope, stop: gradient >2degrees over 6 DEM, Turnover gradient) meters vertical gain InclinometerHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop: gradient >2 degreesHeart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Heart Rate >30 secsCycle Cadence Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Possible with ‘edge forgiveness’(1-9 secs) Sensor L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Extra93-99% of AT heart rate 75-85% Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical andtangental), Parameter: HR max (AT HR & AT HR- Environmental GasConcentrations, Cadence 10 bts) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, (rain etc), Distance Recreational:80-95 rpm Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Intial Calibration of7.5-8.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Anaerobic Speed (GPS, AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Anaerobic Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Threshold Acclerometer, change and >-2 degrees (−4%)Barometer, Threshold Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance perindoor/mechanical) (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM,Identified Turnover or Power gradient) meters vertical gain InclinometerHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop: gradient >2 degreesGPS or Cycle Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Speed or >30 secsSpeed Sensor Levels, Pulse Oximetry, or Power with ‘edge forgiveness’(1-9 secs) Power (direct or L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for PedalPossible 95-105% of AT speed indirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral, Verticaland tangental), Extra 95-105% of AT Power Cycle Cadence EnvironmentalGas Concentrations, Parameter: Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, SensorEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Cadence MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Recreational: 80-95 rpm(rain etc), Distance Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to IntialCalibration of 8.5-9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Heart Rate AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Anaerobic Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, change and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer, ThresholdLocation, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope, stop: gradient >2degrees over 6 DEM, Identified Turnover gradient) meters vertical gainInclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop:gradient >2 degrees Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolHeart Rate >30 secs Cycle Cadence Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Possible with‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Sensor L-R Power Balance, Force Measuresfor Pedal Extra 99-101% of AT heart rate 85-95% Stroke (direct, Lateral,Vertical and tangental), Parameter: HR max (AT HR + & − 3bts)Environmental Gas Concentrations, Cadence Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon,Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Recreational: 80-95 rpm(rain etc), Distance Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to IntialCalibration of 8.5-9.5 of Max Effort via User Rating Power Speed (GPS,Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Power Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Acclerometer, change and >-2 degrees (−4%)Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance perindoor/mechanical) (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM,Turnover or Power gradient) meters vertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop: gradient >2 degrees GPS orCycle Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Speed or >30 secs SpeedSensor L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal AND from 20km/hr toAT speed in less indirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical andtangental), Cadence than 20 secs Cycle Cadence Environmental GasConcentrations, 50% to 133% of AT Power in Sensor Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, under 20 secs Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather 70-95 rpm in under 20 secs (rain etc), Distance Speed orHeart Rate equivilent to Intial Calibration of >9 of Max Effort via UserRating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, PowerSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, change and <-2 degrees (−4%)Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope,stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM, Turnover gradient) meters verticalgain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop:gradient >2 degrees Heart Rate Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolHeart Rate >30 secs Cycle Cadence Levels, Pulse Oximetry, AND with ‘edgeforgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Sensor L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forPedal Cadence Heart Rate change >15% of AT Stroke (direct, Lateral,Vertical and tangental), Heart Rate <20 secs Environmental GasConcentrations, 70-95 rpm in under 20 secs Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Intial Calibration of >9 of Max(rain etc), Distance Effort via User Rating Sprint Speed (GPS, AltitudeSlope <2 degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Sprint Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Acclerometer, change and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer,Identified Location, Altitude, Turnover, Distance per indoor/mechanical)(slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over 6 DEM, Turnover or Powergradient) meters vertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, AND stop: gradient >2 degrees GPS or Cycle BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Speed or >30 secs Speed SensorLevels, Pulse Oximetry, or Power with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs)Power (direct or L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for PedalPossible >106% of AT speed indirect) Stroke (direct, Lateral, Verticaland tangental), Extra >133% of AT Power Cycle Cadence Environmental GasConcentrations, Parameter: Road: 90-105 rpm, Triathlon, SensorEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Cadence MTB, TT: 85-95 rpm,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather Recreational: 80-95 rpm(rain etc), Distance Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to IntialCalibration of Effort via User Rating Heart Rate Altitude Slope <2degrees (4% gradient) GPS, Sprint Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, change and >-2 degrees (−4%) Barometer, Identified Location,Altitude, Turnover, Distance per (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees over6 DEM, Turnover gradient) meters vertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND stop: gradient >2 degrees HeartRate Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Heart Rate >30 secs CycleCadence Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Possible with ‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9secs) Sensor L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for Pedal Extra >101% ofAT heart rate >95% Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental),Parameter: HR max (AT HR + 3 bts, Environmental Gas Concentrations,Cadence AT HR + 8 bts) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Road:90-105 rpm, Triathlon, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, WeatherMTB, TT: 85-95 rpm, (rain etc), Distance Recreational: 80-95 rpm Speedor Heart Rate equivilent to Intial Calibration of Effort via User RatingOverspeed Speed (GPS, Altitude Slope <-2 degrees (−4% gradient) GPS,Overspeed Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Acclerometer,change and >-4 degrees (−7%) Barometer, Identified Location, Altitude,Turnover, Distance per indoor/mechanical) (slope, stop: gradient >-2degrees over DEM, Turnover or Power gradient) 15 secs, <-4 degrees over15 secs Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, AND with‘edge forgiveness’ (1-9 secs) Cycle Cadence Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Cadence Road: >111 rpm, Triathlon, Sensor Levels, PulseOximetry, MTB, TT: >111 rpm, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures for PedalRecreational: >111 rpm Stroke (direct, Lateral, Vertical and tangental),Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance

TABLE 5 Rowing/Kayaking Classification Edge Forgiveness is a periodwhere Activity Type can ‘drop out’ of zone without ending theIdentification Period for that Activity Type Measurement Rowing/KayakingClassification System Sensor/s Classfication Metrics Algorithm GPS Speedof Activity Primary Intensity Used also Historic Averages, and wouldneed Example Collected Raw Data over the Identified Activity Typemeasurement system (Parameters) Calibration smoothing. of OutputActivity Period Rowing Inactive Speed or Power (GPS, Speed or Speed <2km/hr for more than GPS or Inactive Speed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Location, Acclerometer, or Power 15sec Accelerometer IdentifiedAltitude, Force of Movement, Turnover, Distance indoor/mechanical) Power<25 w for more than 15 sec Power (direct (Pause) per Turnover orindirect) HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Strokes EnvironmentalTemp, (water temp) Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Power Curve, WindSpeed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Heart Rate & Speed or Heart <45% ofAT heart rate <45% HR Heart Rate Inactive Speed, Elapsed Time, Time ofDay, Location, Power Rate max GPS or Identified Altitude, Force ofMovement, Turnover, Distance AND Speed <1 km/hr for more thanAccelerometer (Pause) per Turnover Speed or 2 mins Power (direct HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Power <25 w for more than 15sec or indirect) Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Strokes Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceEasy Speed (GPS, Stroke 18-22 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate EasySpeed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Ratenumber dependent) Sensor Identified Altitude, Force of Movement,Turnover, Distance device, AND 65% to 90% of AT Speed Rowing/Kayak perTurnover indoor/mechanical) Speed or 65% to 90% of AT Power Speed HR,R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Device, GPS Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Intial Calibration of 6-7.5 of Max Pulse Oximetry, StrokesEffort via User Rating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceSpeed (GPS, Stroke 18-22 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Easy Speed,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Rate number dependent)Sensor Identified Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover, Distancedevice, AND 70 to 80% of AT heart rate or 65- Heart Rate per Turnoverindoor/mechanical) Heart 75% HR max (AT HR-10 bts & AT HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Rate HR-40 bts) Body Temperature, Glucose &Cholesterol Levels, Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Pulse Oximetry,Strokes Intial Calibration of 6-7.5 of Max Environmental Temp, (watertemp) Heat Index, Effort via User Rating Wind Chill, Altitude, PowerCurve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Slow Full Speed (GPS,Stroke 18-22 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Slow Full Speed, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Pressure Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate numberdependent) Sensor Presssure Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover,Distance device, AND 80% to 93% of AT Speed Rowing/Kayak Identified perTurnover indoor/mechanical) Speed or 80% to 93% of AT Power Speed HA,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Device, GPS Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Intial Calibration of 7-8 of Max Pulse Oximetry, Strokes Effortvia User Rating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, Wind Chill,Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Speed(GPS, Rowing/Kayak Speed Stroke 18-22 strokes per min (crew Stroke RateSlow Full Speed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, device, Ratenumber dependent) Sensor Presssure Altitude, Force of Movement,Turnover, Distance indoor/mechanical) AND 70 to 80% of AT heart rate or65- Heart Rate Identified per Turnover Heart 75% HR max (AT HR-10 bts &HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Rate AT HR-40 bts) BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Pulse Oximetry, Strokes Intial Calibration of 7-8 of MaxEnvironmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, Effort via User Rating WindChill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceTempo Speed (GPS, Stroke 18-22 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate TempoSpeed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Load Rowing/Kayak Ratenumber dependent) Sensor Load Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover,Distance device, AND 90% to 93% of AT Speed Rowing/Kayak Identified perTurnover indoor/mechanical) Speed or 90% to 103% of AT Power Speed HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Device, GPS Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Intial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Pulse Oximetry, StrokesEffort via User Rating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceSpeed (GPS, Stroke 18-22 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Tempo Speed,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate numberdependent) Sensor Load Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover, Distancedevice, AND 80 to 90% of AT heart rate or 75- Heart Rate Identified perTurnover indoor/mechanical) Heart 85% HR max (AT HR & AT HR- HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Rate 10 bts) Body Temperature, Glucose& Cholesterol Levels, Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Pulse Oximetry,Strokes Intial Calibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Environmental Temp, (watertemp) Heat Index, Effort via User Rating Wind Chill, Altitude, PowerCurve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Up Tempo Speed (GPS,Stroke 23-32 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Up Tempo Speed, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate number dependent)Sensor Identified Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover, Distancedevice, AND 90% to 93% of AT Speed Rowing/Kayak per Turnoverindoor/mechanical) Speed or 90% to 93% of AT Power Speed HA, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Speed or Heart Rate equivilent toDevice, GPS Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, IntialCalibration of 7.5-8.5 of Max Pulse Oximetry, Strokes Effort via UserRating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, Wind Chill,Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Speed(GPS, Stroke 23-32 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Up Tempo Speed,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate numberdependent) Sensor Identified Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover,Distance device, AND 80 to 90% of AT heart rate or 75- Heart Rate perTurnover indoor/mechanical) Heart 85% HR max (AT HR & AT HR- HA, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Rate 10 bts) Body Temperature, Glucose& Cholesterol Levels, Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Pulse Oximetry,Strokes Intial Calibration of 7.5- 8.5 of Max Environmental Temp, (watertemp) Heat Index, Effort via User Rating Wind Chill, Altitude, PowerCurve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Anaerobic Speed (GPS,Stroke 33-37 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Anaerobic Speed, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Threshold Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate numberdependent) Sensor Threshold Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover,Distance device, AND 93% to 105% of AT Speed Rowing/Kayak Identified perTurnover indoor/mechanical) Speed or 93% to 105% of AT Power Speed HA,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Speed or Heart Rateequivilent to Device, GPS Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Intial Calibration of 8.5-9.5 of Max Pulse Oximetry, StrokesEffort via User Rating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceSpeed (GPS, Stroke 33-37 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate AnaerobicSpeed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Ratenumber dependent) Sensor Threshold Altitude, Force of Movement,Turnover, Distance device, AND 99 to 101% of AT heart rate or 85- HeartRate Identified per Turnover indoor/mechanical) Heart 95% HR max (AT HR− & + 3 bts) HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Rate Speed orHeart Rate equivilent to Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels,Intial Calibration of 8.5- 9.5 of Max Pulse Oximetry, Strokes Effort viaUser Rating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, Wind Chill,Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance StartsSpeed (GPS, Stroke 0 stroke rate up to >36 strokes per Stroke Rate StartSpeed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate min(crew number dependent) Sensor Identified Altitude, Force of Movement,Turnover, Distance device, AND 0% up to 95% to 105% of AT SpeedRowing/Kayak per Turnover indoor/mechanical) Speed or 0% up to 95% to105% of AT Power Speed HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, orPower Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Device, GPS Body Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Intial Calibration of >9 of Max PulseOximetry, Strokes Effort via User Rating Environmental Temp, (watertemp) Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Speed (GPS, Stroke 0 stroke rate up to >36 strokesper Stroke Rate Start Speed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate min (crew number dependent) Sensor IdentifiedAltitude, Force of Movement, Turnover, Distance device, AND below 75% upto 99 to 101% of AT Heart Rate per Turnover indoor/mechanical) Heartheart rate or below 65% up to 85- HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Rate 95% HR max Body Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels,Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to Pulse Oximetry, Strokes IntialCalibration of >9 of Max Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index,Effort via User Rating Wind Chill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Moves Speed (GPS, Stroke 33-37 strokes permin (crew Stroke Rate Move Speed, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location,Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate number dependent) Sensor Identified Altitude,Force of Movement, Turnover, Distance device, AND >105% of AT SpeedRowing/Kayak per Turnover indoor/mechanical) Speed or >105% of AT PowerSpeed HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, or Power Speed or HeartRate equivilent to Device, GPS Body Temperature, Glucose & CholesterolLevels, Intial Calibration of >9 of Max Pulse Oximetry, Strokes Effortvia User Rating Environmental Temp, (water temp) Heat Index, Wind Chill,Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Speed(GPS, Stroke 33-37 strokes per min (crew Stroke Rate Move Speed, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Rowing/Kayak Speed Rate number dependent)Sensor Identified Altitude, Force of Movement, Turnover, Distancedevice, AND >101% of AT heart rate or >95% Heart Rate per Turnoverindoor/mechanical) Heart HR max (>AT HR + 3 bts) HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Rate Speed or Heart Rate equivilent to BodyTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Intial Calibration of >9 ofMax Pulse Oximetry, Strokes Effort via User Rating Environmental Temp,(water temp) Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Power Curve, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance

TABLE 6 Field Sports Classification Edge Forgiveness is a period whereActivity Type can ‘drop out’ of zone without Field Sports ClassificationSystem ending the Identification Period for that Activity TypeClassfication Measurement of Activity Primary Intensity Sensor/s Typemeasurement system Metrics Algorithm GPS Speed All areas would besummarised into Used also Historic Averages, and would need ExampleActivity Totals (Parameters) Calibration smoothing. of Output CollectedRaw Data over the Identified Activity Period Running 0-5 m Speed (GPS,Speed Speed >95% of highest 5% GPS, 0-5 m Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Speed or Accelerometer, video (Body of game speedAccelerometer, Speed or Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force ofPower- motion capture, RF Weight) (adjustable) Transmitter to Power-Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover moving triangulation) LocationSpeed at start: >40% of Transceiver/ moving HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body start Power direct or indirect AND highest 5% ofgame speed Receiver identified for Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps(based on body weight & Distance (adjustable) Video Motion a specifiedHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force speed) or Time Powerbased on body Capture loaction Measures for Gait, Possible weight &speed GPS, on the Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Extra:Power >95% of highest 5% Accelerometer, playing area Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain Stride of the game(adjustable) Transmitter to etc), Distance Rate Power at Start: >40% ofTransceiver/ each of the following is listed independently as a highest5% of game power Receiver location of incidence: Total Center Attacking1/3, (adjustable) Video Motion Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3,each of the following is Capture Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right FlankMid field, listed independently Total Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3,Left Flank Attacking Center Attacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Durationof a game, half or quarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left FlankAttacking 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3,(adjustable) 0-5 meters or equivilent time >70 strides per min (1 fullcycle left & right legs) 0-5 m Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >95% of highest5% GPS, 0-5 m Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Speed orAccelerometer, video (Body of game speed Accelerometer, Speed orLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force of Power- motion capture,RF Weight) (adjustable) Transmitter to Power Movement, Turnover,Distance per Turnover stationary triangulation) Location Speed at start:<40% of identified for stationary HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body start Power direct or indirect AND highest 5% of game speedTransceiver/ a specified Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based onbody weight & Distance (adjustable) Receiver loaction Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force speed) or Time Power based on bodyVideo Motion on the Measures for Gait, Possible weight & speed Captureplaying area Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Extra:Power >95% of highest 5% GPS, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain Stride of the game (adjustable) Accelerometer, etc),Distance Rate Power at Start: <40% of Transmitter to each of thefollowing is listed independently as a highest 5% of game powerTransceiver/ location of incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3,(adjustable) Receiver Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each ofthe following is Video Motion Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, listed independently Total Capture Right Flank Defensive1/3, LeftFlank Attacking Center Attacking 1/3, Time 1/3, Left Flank Mid field,Left Flank Defensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center AccelerometerDuration of a game, half or quarter time Defensive 1/3, Right FlankAttacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, LeftFlank Attacking 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3,(adjustable) 0-5 meters or equivilent time >10 up to <70 strides per min(1 full cycle left & right legs) 5-10 m Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >90% ofhighest 5 GPS, 5-10 m Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Speedor Accelerometer, video (Body % of game speed Accelerometer, Speed orLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force of Power- motion capture,RF Weight) (adjustable) Transmitter to Power- Movement, Turnover,Distance per Turnover moving triangulation) Location Speed atstart: >40% of Transceiver/ moving HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body start Power direct or indirect AND highest 5% of game speedReceiver identified for Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based onbody weight & Distance (adjustable) Video Motion a specified Heavinessof Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force speed) or Time Power based on bodyCapture loaction Measures for Gait, Possible weight & speed GPS, on theEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind aim Extra: Power >90% of highest 5%Accelerometer, playing area Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain Stride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter to etc),Distance Rate Power at Start: >40% of Transceiver/ each of the followingis listed independently as a highest 5% of game power Receiver locationof incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, (adjustable) Video MotionCenter Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each of the following is CaptureRight Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, listed independentlyTotal Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking CenterAttacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left FlankDefensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Duration of a game, half orquarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 5-10 meters orequivilent time >70 strides per min (1 full cycle left & right legs)5-10 m Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >90% of highest 5% GPS, 5-10 m Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Speed or Accelerometer, video (Bodyof game speed Accelerometer, Speed or Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of Power- motion capture, RF Weight) (adjustable)Transmitter to Power- Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnoverstationary triangulation) Location Speed at start: <40% of Transceiver/stationary HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body start Powerdirect or indirect AND highest 5% of game speed Receiver identified forTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Distance(adjustable) Video Motion a specified Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force speed) or Time Power based on body Capture loactionMeasures for Gait, Possible weight & speed GPS, on the EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Extra: Power >90% of highest 5%Accelerometer, playing area Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain Stride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter to etc),Distance Rate Power at Start: <40% of Transceiver/ each of the followingis listed independently as a highest 5% of game power Receiver locationof incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, (adjustable) Video MotionCenter Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each of the following is CaptureRight Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, listed independentlyTotal Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking CenterAttacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left FlankDefensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Duration of a game, half orquarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 5-10 meters orequivilent time >10 up to <70 strides per min (1 full cycle left & rightlegs) 10-20 m Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >85% of highest 5% GPS, 10-20 mSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Speed or Accelerometer, video(Body of game speed Accelerometer, Speed or Location, Altitude,MovementIncidence, Force of Power- motion capture, RF Weight)(adjustable) Transmitter to Power- Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover moving triangulation) Location Speed at start: >40% ofTransceiver/ moving HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body startPower direct or indirect AND highest 5% of game speed Receiveridentified for Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Distance(adjustable) Video Motion a specified Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force speed) or Time Power based on body Capture loactionTemperature, Measures for Gait, Possible weight & speed GPS, on theEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Extra: Power >85% of highest5% Accelerometer, playing area Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain Stride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter to etc),Distance Rate Power at Start: >40% of Transceiver/ each of the followingis listed independently as a highest 5% of game power Receiver locationof incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, (adjustable) Video MotionCenter Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each of the following is CaptureRight Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, listed independentlyTotal Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking CenterAttacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left FlankDefensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Duration of a game, half orquarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 10-20 meters orequivilent time >70 strides per min (1 full cycle left & right legs)10-20 m Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >85% of highest 5% GPS, 10-20 m Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Speed or Accelerometer, video (Bodyof game speed Accelerometer, Speed or Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of Power- motion capture, RF Weight) (adjustable)Transmitter to Power- Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnoverstationary triangulation) Location Speed at start: <40% of Transceiver/stationary HR, R-R (IHRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body start Powerdirect or indirect AND highest 5% of game speed Receiver identified forTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Distance(adjustable) Video Motion a specified on the Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force speed) or Time Power based on body Capture loactionMeasures for Gait, Possible weight & speed GPS, on the EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Extra: Power >85% of highest 5%Accelerometer, playing area Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain Stride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter to etc),Distance Rate Power at Start: <40% of Transceiver/ each of the followingis listed independently as a highest 5% of game power Receiver locationof incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, (adjustable) Video MotionCenter Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each of the following is CaptureRight Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, listed independentlyTotal Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking CenterAttacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left FlankDefensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Duration of a game, half orquarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 10-20 meters orequivilent time >10 up to <70 strides per min (1 full cycle left & rightlegs) 20-40 m Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >80% of highest 5% GPS, 20-40 mSpeed or Accelerometer, video (Body of game speed Accelerometer, Speedor Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Power- motion capture, RFWeight) (adjustable) Transmitter to Power- Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of moving triangulation) Location Speed at start: >40%of Transceiver/ moving Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover startPower direct or indirect AND highest 5% of game speed Receiveridentified for HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body (based onbody weight & Distance (adjustable) Video Motion a specifiedTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps speed) or Time Power based on bodyCapture loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForcePossible weight & speed GPS, on the Measures for Gait, Extra: Power >85%of highest 5% Accelerometer, playing area Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Stride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter toAltitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain Rate Power atStart: >40% of Transceiver/ etc), Distance highest 5% of game powerReceiver each of the following is listed independently as a (adjustable)Video Motion location of incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, each ofthe following is Capture Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, listedindependently Total Time Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, Center Attacking 1/3, Accelerometer Right Flank Defensive 1/3,Left Flank Attacking Center Mid field, Center 1/3, Left Flank Mid field,Left Flank Defensive 1/3, Defensive 1/3, Duration of a game, half orquarter time Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, RightFlank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left Flank Mid field,Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 20-40 meters or equivilenttime >70 strides per min (1 full cycle left & right legs) 20-40 m Speed(GPS, Speed Speed >80% of highest 5% GPS, 20-40 m Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Speed or Accelerometer, video (Body of gamespeed Accelerometer, Speed or Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force of Power- motion capture, RF Weight) (adjustable) Transmitter toPower- Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover stationarytriangulation) Location Speed at start: <40% of Transceiver/ stationaryHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body start Power direct orindirect AND highest 5% of game speed Receiver identified forTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Distance(adjustable) Video Motion a specified Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force speed) or Time Power based on body Capture loactionMeasures for Gait, Possible weight & speed GPS, on the EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind aim Extra: Power >80% of highest 5%Accelerometer, playing area Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain Stride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter to etc),Distance Rate Power at Start: <40% of Transceiver/ each of the followingis listed independently as a highest 5% of game power Receiver locationof incidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, (adjustable) Video MotionCenter Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each of the following is CaptureRight Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, listed independentlyTotal Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking CenterAttacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left FlankDefensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Duration of a game, half orquarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 20-40 meters orequivilent time >10 up to <70 strides per min (1 full cycle left & rightlegs) 40m + Speed Speed (GPS, Speed Speed >75% of highest 5% GPS, 40 + mSpeed Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, or Power-Accelerometer, video (Body of game speed Accelerometer, or Power-Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force of moving motion capture,RF Weight) (adjustable) Transmitter to moving Movement, Turnover,Distance per Turnover start triangulation) Location Speed at start: >40%of Transceiver/ identified for HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body Power direct or indirect AND highest 5% of game speed Receiver aspecified Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight &Distance (adjustable) Video Motion loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force speed) or Time Power based on body Capture on theMeasures for Gait, Possible weight & speed GPS, playing areaEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Extra: Power >75% of highest5% Accelerometer, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainStride of the game (adjustable) Transmitter to etc), Distance Rate Powerat Start: >40% of Transceiver/ each of the following is listedindependently as a highest 5% of game power Receiver location ofincidence: Total Center Attacking 1/3, (adjustable) Video Motion CenterMid field, Center Defensive 1/3, each of the following is Capture RightFlank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, listed independently TotalTime Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking Center Attacking1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3,Center Mid field, Center Duration of a game, half or quarter timeDefensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, RightFlank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Left Flank Mid field,Left Flank Defensive 1/3, (adjustable) 40+ meters or equivilent time >70strides per min (1 full cycle left & right legs) 40 m + Speed- Speed(GPS, Speed Speed >75% of highest 5% GPS, 40+ m Speed Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, stationary Accelerometer, video (Body of gamespeed Accelerometer, or Power- Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force of start motion capture, RF Weight) (adjustable) Transmitter tostationary Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover triangulation)Location Speed at start: <40% of Transceiver/ identified for HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Power direct or indirect ANDhighest 5% of game speed Receiver a specified Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Distance (adjustable) VideoMotion loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force speed)or Time Power based on body Capture on the Measures for Gait, Possibleweight & speed GPS, playing area Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Extra: Power >75% of highest 5% Accelerometer, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain Stride of the game(adjustable) Transmitter to etc), Distance Rate Power at Start: <40% ofTransceiver/ each of the following is listed independently as a highest5% of game power Receiver location of incidence: Total Center Attacking1/3, (adjustable) Video Motion Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3,each of the following is Capture Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right FlankMid field, listed independently Total Time Right Flank Defensive 1/3,Left Flank Attacking Center Attacking 1/3, Accelerometer 1/3, Left FlankMid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, Center Mid field, Center Durationof a game, half or quarter time Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Attacking1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left FlankAttacking 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3,(adjustable) 40+ meters or equivilent time >10 up to <70 strides per min(1 full cycle left & right legs) Tempo Speed (GPS, Speed Speed 60-75% ofhighest GPS, Tempo Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, SpeedAccelerometer, video (Body 5% of game speed Accelerometer, SpeedLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force of motion capture, RFWeight) (adjustable) Transmitter to Identified Movement, Turnover,Distance per Turnover triangulation) Location Power based on bodyTransceiver/ for a HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Powerdirect or indirect AND weight & speed Receiver specified Temperature,Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Distance 5% of the gameVideo Motion loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forcespeed) or Time (adjustable) Capture on the Measures for Gait, Possibleeach of the following is GPS, playing area Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Extra: listed independently Total Accelerometer,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain Stride CenterAttacking 1/3, Transmitter to etc), Distance Rate Center Mid field,Center Transceiver/ each of the following is listed independently as aDefensive 1/3, Receiver location of incidence: Total Center Attacking1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Video Motion Center Mid field, CenterDefensive 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Capture Right Flank Attacking 1/3,Right Flank Mid field, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Time Right FlankDefensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking Left Flank Attacking 1/3,Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, LeftFlank Mid field, Left Duration of a game, half or quarter time FlankDefensive 1/3, (adjustable) Over Duration of Game >70 strides per min (1full cycle left & right legs) Jogging Speed (GPS, Speed Speed 55-60% ofhighest GPS, Accelerometer, video (Body 5% of game speed Accelerometer,Jogging Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, motion capture, RFWeight) (adjustable) Transmitter to Speed Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of triangulation) Location Power based on bodyTransceiver/ Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Powerdirect or indirect AND weight & speed Receiver for a HR, R-R (HRV), ECG,BP, Respiration Rate, Body (based on body weight & Distance Power 55-60%of highest Video Motion specified Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Stepsspeed) or Time 5% of the game Capture loaction Heaviness of Footfall,L-R Power Balance, Force Possible (adjustable) GPS, on the Measures forGait, Extra: each of the following is Accelerometer, playing areaEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Stride listed independentlyTotal Transmitter to Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainRate Center Attacking 1/3, Transceiver/ etc), Distance Center Mid field,Center Receiver each of the following is listed independently as aDefensive 1/3, Video Motion location of incidence.: Total CenterAttacking 1/3, Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Capture Center Mid field,Center Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Time Right Flank Attacking1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, AccelerometerRight Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking Left Flank Attacking1/3, 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Midfield, Left Duration of a game, half or quarter time Flank Defensive1/3, (adjustable) Over Duration of Game >70 strides per min (1 fullcycle left & right legs) Walking Speed (GPS, Speed Speed <40% of highest5% GPS, Accelerometer, video (Body of game speed Accelerometer, WalkingSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, motion capture, RF Weight)(adjustable) Transmitter to Speed Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of triangulation) Location Power based on bodyTransceiver/ Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Powerdirect or indirect AND weight & speed Receiver for a HR, R-R (HRV), ECG,BP, Respiration Rate, Body (based on body weight & Distance Power <40%of highest 5% Video Motion specified Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Stepsspeed) or Time of the game (adjustable) Capture loaction Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Possible each of the following isGPS, on the Measures for Gait, Extra: listed independently TotalAccelerometer, playing area Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,Stride Center Attacking 1/3, Transmitter to Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain Rate Center Mid field, Center Transceiver/etc), Distance Defensive 1/3, Receiver each of the following is listedindependently as a Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Video Motion location ofincidence.: Total Center Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, CaptureCenter Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, TimeRight Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Left Flank Attacking1/3, Accelerometer Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking LeftFlank Mid field, Left 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive1/3, Flank Defensive 1/3, Duration of a game, half or quarter time(adjustable) Over Duration of Game <70 strides per min (1 full cycleleft & right legs) Stationary- Speed (GPS, Speed Speed <2 km/hr GPS,Staionary Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, UprightAccelerometer, video (Body Power based on body Accelerometer, UprightLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force of (standing) motioncapture, RF Weight) weight & speed Transmitter to Identified Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover triangulation) Location Power <25 w(adjustable) Transceiver/ for a HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body Power direct or indirect Positional each of the following isReceiver specified Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on bodyweight & Status listed independently Total Video Motion loactionHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force speed) AND CenterAttacking 1/3, Capture on the Measures for Gait, Distance Center Midfield, Center GPS, playing area Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, or Time Defensive 1/3, Accelerometer, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain Possible Right Flank Attacking 1/3,Transmitter to etc), Distance Extra: Right Flank Mid field, Transceiver/each of the following is listed independently as a Stride Right FlankDefensive 1/3, Receiver location of incidence.: Total Center Attacking1/3, Rate Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Video Motion Center Mid field,Center Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Capture Right FlankAttacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Flank Defensive 1/3, Multi AxisRight Flank Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Attacking (adjustable)Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3,Upright Time Duration of a game, half or quarter time Over Duration ofGame Accelerometer <10 strides per min (1 full cycle left & right legs)Stationary- Speed (GPS, Speed Speed <2 km/hr GPS, Staionary Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Prone Accelerometer, video (BodyPower based on body Accelerometer, Prone Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of (lying on motion capture, RF Weight) weight & speedTransmitter to Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover theground) triangulation) Location Power <25 w (adjustable) Transceiver/for a HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Power direct orindirect Postional each of the following is Receiver specifiedTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps (based on body weight & Status listedindependently Total Video Motion loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force speed) AND Center Attacking 1/3, Capture on theMeasures for Gait, Distance Center Mid field, Center GPS, playing areaEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, or Time Defensive 1/3,Accelerometer, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainPossible Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Transmitter to etc), Distance Extra:Right Flank Mid field, Transceiver/ each of the following is listedindependently as a Stride Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Receiver locationof incidence.: Total Center Attacking 1/3, Rate Left Flank Attacking1/3, Video Motion Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, Left Flank Midfield, Left Capture Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field,Flank Defensive 1/3, Multi Axis Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left FlankAttacking (adjustable) Accelerometer 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, LeftFlank Defensive 1/3, Prone (lying on the Time Duration of a game, halfor quarter time ground) Accelerometer Over Duration of Game <10 stridesper min (1 full cycle left & right legs) Jumping- Speed (Accelerometer,Altitude Vertical distance changes Barometer, Vertical Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, vertical barometer, video motion Changeby >30 cm (adjustable) Transmitter to Jump Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force of capture, RF triangulation) Location each of thefollowing is Transceiver, Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover Power direct or indirect AND listed independently Total orReceiver, for a HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body (based onbody weight & Power Center Attacking 1/3, video motion specifiedTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps speed) AND Center Mid field, Centercapture loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force StepsDefensive 1/3, GPS, on the Measures for Gait, Right Flank Attacking 1/3,Accelerometer, playing area Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind aimRight Flank Mid field, Transmitter to Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather (rain Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Transceiver/ etc),Distance Left Flank Attacking 1/3, Receiver each of the following islisted independently as a Left Flank Mid field, Left Video Motionlocation of incidence.: Total Center Attacking 1/3, Flank Defensive 1/3,Capture Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, (adjustable)Accelerometer & Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Mid field, Powerincreases by more Derived Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Left FlankAttacking than 100 w (adjustable) Calc 1/3, Left Flank Mid field, LeftFlank Defensive 1/3, Steps = 0 Accelerometer Duration of a game, half orquarter time Jumping- Speed (Accelerometer, Speed Speed >81 cm/hr GPS,Horizontal Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, horiontalbarometer, video motion Location each of the following is Accelerometer,Jump Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force of capture, RFtriangulation) AND listed independently Total Transmitter to IdentifiedMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Power direct or indirect PowerCenter Attacking 1/3, Transceiver/ for a HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body (based on body weight & AND Center Mid field,Center Receiver, specified Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps speed)Steps Defensive 1/3, motion loaction Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force Right Flank Attacking 1/3, capture on the Measures forGait, Right Flank Mid field, GPS, playing area Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Right Flank Defensive 1/3, Accelerometer, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain Left Flank Attacking 1/3,Transmitter to etc), Distance Left Flank Mid field, Left Transceiver/each of the following is listed independently as a Flank Defensive 1/3,Receiver location of incidence.: Total Center Attacking 1/3,(adjustable) Video Motion Center Mid field, Center Defensive 1/3, Powerincreases by more Capture Right Flank Attacking 1/3, Right Flank Midfield, than 100 w (adjustable) Accelerometer & Right Flank Defensive1/3, Left Flank Attacking Steps = 0 for 0.75 secs Derived 1/3, LeftFlank Mid field, Left Flank Defensive 1/3, Calc Duration of a game, halfor quarter time Accelerometer

TABLE 7 Horse Training Classification Edge Forgiveness is a period whereActivity Type can ‘drop out’ of zone without ending the IdentificationPeriod for that Activity Type Measurement Sensor/s GPS Speed would needHorse Training Classification System smoothing. Classfication MetricsGPS Altitude of Activity Primary Intensity Used would require ExampleActivity Type measurement system (Parameters) Algorithm errorcorrection. of Output Collected Raw Data over the Identified ActivityPeriod Stationary Speed or Power Speed Speed <2 km/hr for more GPS orInactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (GPS, or Power than15 sec Accelerometer Identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force pf Acclerometer, Power <25 w for more than Power (direct Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover indoor/mechanical) 15 sec or indirect)HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Easy Speed (GPS, Speed <14% of AT speed GPS or Easy Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (Walking) Acclerometer, AltitudeSlope <2 degrees Accelerometer Walking Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf (Zone 2) indoor/mechanical) change (4% gradient)GPS, Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, stop:gradient >2 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body gradient) over 6 meters vertical gain DEM, Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis stop: gradient >2 degrees InclinometerHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force >30 secs Measures forGait, Environmental Gas with ‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9secs) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (Including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate Heart Rate <55% ofAT HR Heart Rate Easy Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Altitude (<50% of Hrmax) GPS, Walking Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf change AT HR-10 beats & AT HR- Barometer, IdentifiedMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, 40 beats DEM, HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) Slope <2 degreesInclinometer Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis (4%gradient) Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force stop:gradient >2 degrees Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas over 6 metersvertical gain Concentrations, stop: gradient >2 degrees EnvironmentalTemp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, >30 secs Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather (rain with ‘edge forgiveness’ etc), Distance (1-9 secs)Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Including information ontheir Activities), Direction to User is Facing, Power Power <14% ATpower Power (direct Easy Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Altitude Slope <2 degrees or indirect) Walking Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf change (4% gradient) GPS, IdentifiedMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, stop: gradient >2degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Bodygradient) over 6 meters vertical gain DEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis stop: gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force >30 secs Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas with ‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9 secs)Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (Including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Easy Speed (GPS, Speed 14%-33% of AT speed GPS orTrotting Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (Trot) Acderometer,Altitude Slope <2 degrees Accelerometer Identified Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf (Zone 2) indoor/mechanical) change (4%gradient) GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, stop:gradient >2 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body gradient) over 6 meters vertical gain DEM, Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis stop: gradient >2 degrees InclinometerHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force >30 secs Measures forGait, Environmental Gas with ‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9secs) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (Including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate Heart Rate 56-70%of AT HR Heart Rate Trotting Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Altitude (51-60% of Hrmax) GPS, Identified Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf change AT HR-10 beats & AT HR- Barometer, Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, 40 beats DEM, HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) Slope <2 degrees InclinometerTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis (4% gradient)Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force stop: gradient >2degrees Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas over 6 meters vertical gainConcentrations, stop: gradient >2 degrees Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, >30 secs Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed,Weather (rain with ‘edge forgiveness’ etc), Distance (1-9 secs) WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (Including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Power Power 14-33% AT powerPower (direct Trotting Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Altitude Slope <2 degrees or indirect) Identified Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf change (4% gradient) GPS, Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, stop: gradient >2 degreesBarometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) over6 meters vertical gain DEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis stop: gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall,L-R Power Balance, Force >30 secs Measures for Gait, Environmental Gaswith ‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(Including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Hills Speed (GPS, Altitude gradient >2 degrees GPS, RollingSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Acclerometer, change (4%gradient) Barometer, Hill Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Forcepf indoor/mechanical), (slope, <8 degrees (15%) DEM, IdentifiedMovement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover Heart Rate & Powergradient) >7 m, <20 m vertical gain Inclinometer HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body gradient >2 degrees Temperature, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis >70 secs, <200 secs Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force with ‘edge forgiveness’ Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas (1-9 secs) Concentrations, Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HillSpeed (GPS, Speed AT Speed-(AT speed * 5%), GPS or Hill Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Efforts Acclerometer, Altitude AT speed *95%Accelerometer Effort Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfindoor/mechanical) change slope = 2-4 degrees GPS, Identified Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, (gradient = 4-7%) Barometer, HR,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) stop: gradient >4degrees DEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration:(7%) Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force with‘edge forgiveness’ Time Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas (1-9 secs)Concentrations, Minimum Qualifting Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Window: 1 min Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HeartRate Heart Rate 70-80% of Hrmax Heart Rate Hill Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Altitude (Hrmax-Herest)*% Exercise GPS, EffortLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf change intensity +Hreest Barometer, Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover(slope, AT HR & AT HR-10 beats DEM, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body gradient) slope = 2-4 degrees Inclinometer Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: (gradient = 4-7%) TimeHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force stop: gradient >4degrees Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas (7%) Concentrations, with‘edge forgiveness’ Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, (1-9secs) Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain MinimumQualifting etc), Distance Window: 1 min Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (Including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Power Power 76-90% of AT power Power (direct Hill Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Altitude slope = 2- 4 degrees orindirect) Effort Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf change(gradient = 4-7%) GPS, Identified Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover (slope, stop: gradient >4 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) (7%) DEM, Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: with ‘edge forgiveness’Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force (1-9 secs)Time Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas Minimum QualiftingConcentrations, Window: 1 min Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, Up TempoSpeed (GPS, Speed 33-65% of AT Speed GPS or Canter Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (Canter) Acclerometer, Altitude AT Speed-(ATspeed * 5%), Accelerometer identified Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf (Zone 3) indoor/mechanical) change AT speed *95%GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, Slope <2 degreesBarometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) (4%gradient), >-2 degrees DEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, GaitAnalysis Duration: stop: gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force over 3 meters vertical gain TimeMeasures for Gait, Environmental Gas stop: gradient >2 degreesConcentrations, >15 secs Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,with ‘edge forgiveness’ Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain (1-9 secs) etc), Distance Minimum Qualifting Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (Including Window: 1 min information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate Heart Rate 71-85%of AT HR Heart Rate Canter Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Altitude (61-70% of Hrmax) GPS, identified Location, Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf change AT HR & AT HR-10 beats Barometer, Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, Slope <2 degrees DEM, HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) (4% gradient), >-2degrees Inclinometer Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait AnalysisDuration: stop: gradient >2 degrees Time Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force over 3 meters vertical gain Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas stop: gradient >2 degrees Concentrations, >15 secsEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, with ‘edge forgiveness’Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain (1-9 secs) etc),Distance Minimum Qualifting Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(Including Window: 1 min information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Power Power 33-65% of AT power Power (direct CanterSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Altitude Slope <2 degrees orindirect) identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfchange (4% gradient), >-2 degrees GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees Barometer, gradient) over 3meters vertical gain DEM, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Bodystop: gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Temperature, Pulse Oximetry,Steps, Gait Analysis >15 secs Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance,Force with ‘edge forgiveness’ Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas (1-9secs) Concentrations, Minimum Qualifting Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Window: 1 min Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(Including information on their Activities), Direction to User isAnaerobic Speed (GPS, Speed 65-95% of AT Speed GPS or Gallop Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Threshold Acderometer, Altitude ATSpeed-(AT speed * 5%), Accelerometer identified Location, Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf (Gallop) indoor/mechanical) change AT speed*95% GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (Zone 4) (slope,Slope <2 degrees (4% Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, RespirationRate, Body gradient) gradient), >-2 degrees DEM, Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop: gradient >2 degreesInclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force over 3meters vertical gain Time Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas stop:gradient >2 degrees Concentrations, >15 secs Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, with ‘edge forgiveness’ Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain (1-9 secs) etc), Distance Minimum QualiftingWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (Including Window: 1 mininformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HeartRate Heart Rate 80-90% of Hrmax Heart Rate Gallop Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Altitude AT HR +/− 5 beats GPS, identifiedLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf change Slope <2 degrees(4% Barometer, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope,gradient), >-2 degrees DEM, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body gradient) stop: gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: over 3 meters vertical gainTime Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force stop: gradient >2degrees Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas >15 secs Concentrations,with ‘edge forgiveness’ Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, (1-9secs) Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain MinimumQualifting etc), Distance Window: 1 min Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (Including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Power Power 65-95% of AT power Power (direct GallopSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4%or indirect) identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfchange gradient), >-2 degrees GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) over 3 meters vertical gainDEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop:gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force >15 secs Time Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas with‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Minimum Qualifting Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather (rain Window: 1 min etc), Distance Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (Including information on their Activities),Direction to User is Facing, Race Pace Speed (GPS, Speed 95-105% of ATSpeed GPS or Fast Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (FastAcderometer, Altitude AT Speed-(AT speed * 5%), Accelerometer GallopLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Gallop)indoor/mechanical) change AT speed *95% GPS, identified Movement,Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, Slope <2 degrees (4% Barometer,HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) gradient), >-2degrees DEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration:stop: gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force over 3 meters vertical gain Time Measures for Gait,Environmental Gas stop: gradient >2 degrees Concentrations, >15 secsEnvironmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, with ‘edge forgiveness’Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain (1-9 secs) etc),Distance Minimum Qualifting Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(Including Window: 1 min information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Heart Rate Heart Rate 95-105% of AT HR Heart Rate FastSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Altitude (80-90% of Hrmax)GPS, Gallop Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf change ATHR +/− 5 beats Barometer, identified Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover (slope, Slope <2 degrees (4% DEM, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body gradient) gradient), >-2 degrees InclinometerTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop:gradient >2 degrees Time Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceover 3 meters vertical gain Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas stop:gradient >2 degrees Concentrations, >15 secs Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind asill, with ‘edge forgiveness’ Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain (1-9 secs) etc), Distance Minimum QualiftingWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (Including Window: 1 mininformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, PowerPower 95-105% of AT power Power (direct Fast Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% or indirect) GallopLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf change gradient), >-2degrees GPS, identified Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover(slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body gradient) over 3 meters vertical gain DEM,Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop:gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force >15 secs Time Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas with‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind asill, Minimum Qualifting Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather (rain Window: 1 min etc), Distance Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (Including information on their Activities),Direction to User is Facing, Sprint Speed (GPS, Speed >105% of AT SpeedGPS or Sprint Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, (Zone 5)Acclerometer, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% Accelerometer identifiedLocation, Altitude, Movemen tIncidence, Force pf indoor/mechanical)change gradient), >-2 degrees GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance perTurnover (slope, stop: gradient >2 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body gradient) over 3 meters vertical gainDEM, Temperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop:gradient >2 degrees Inclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, Force >15 secs Time Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas with‘edge forgiveness’ Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind asill, Minimum Qualifting Altitude, Slope/Gradient, WindSpeed, Weather (rain Window: 30 secs etc), Distance Weather Forecast,Location of other Users (Including information on their Activities),Direction to User is Facing, Heart Rate Heart Rate >105% of AT HR HeartRate Sprint Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Altitude (>90% ofHrmax) GPS, identified Location, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfchange AT HR +5 beats, +10 beats Barometer, Movement, Turnover, Distanceper Turnover (slope, Slope <2 degrees (4% DEM, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body gradient) gradient), >-2 degrees InclinometerTemperature, Pulse Oximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop:gradient >2 degrees Time Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Forceover 3 meters vertical gain Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas stop:gradient >2 degrees Concentrations, >15 secs Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, with ‘edge forgiveness’ Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain (1-9 secs) etc), Distance Minimum QualiftingWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (Including Window: 30 secsinformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, PowerPower >105% of AT power Power (direct Sprint Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Altitude Slope <2 degrees (4% or indirect) identifiedLocation, Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf change gradient), >-2degrees GPS, Movement, Turnover, Distance per Turnover (slope, stop:gradient >2 degrees Barometer, HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate,Body gradient) over 3 meters vertical gain DEM, Temperature, PulseOximetry, Steps, Gait Analysis Duration: stop: gradient >2 degreesInclinometer Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force >15 secsTime Measures for Gait, Environmental Gas with ‘edge forgiveness’Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,Minimum Qualifting Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainWindow: 30 secs etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(Including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing,

TABLE 8 Pedometer-Walking/Running ClassificationPedometer-Walking/Running Classification System Primary Edge Forgivenessis a period where Activity Type can ‘drop out’ of zone Intensity Metricswithout ending the Identification Period for that Activity TypeClassfication of measurement Used Measurement Example Activity ActivityType system (Parameters) Algorithm Sensor/s of Output Collected Raw Dataover the Identified Activity Period Inactive Inactive Stride RatePositional Upright Accelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time,Time of Day, Location, Stationary Staus Stride Rate = 0 AccelerometerStationary Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AND (striderate/impacts/ Accelerometer Identified Turnover, Distance per TurnoverStride movements: <15) HR ,R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyRate >30 ms stride rate Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Stride variability over 20 secs Steps, Gait Analysis RateHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures Variability forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, InactiveRest Stride Rate Positional Prone Accelerometer Inactive Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Staus Stride Rate = 0 AccelerometerRest Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AND (striderate/impacts/ Accelerometer Identified Turnover, Distance per TurnoverStride movements: <15) HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyRate >30 ms stride rate Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, PulseOximetry, Stride variability over 20 secs Steps, Gait Analysis RateHeaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures Variability forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index,Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, WalkingSlow Walk Stride Rate Stride 30 to 40 strides per Accelerometer SlowSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rate minute >30secs Accelerometer Walking Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, AND <30 ms stride rate Accelerometer Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Stride variability over 20 secs HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Rate or <20 G (a calibrationTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Variabilitysession may be Steps, Gait Analysis with edge required) Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forgivness for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, WalkStride Rate Stride 40 to 55 strides per Accelerometer Walking Speed,Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, Rate minute >30 secsAccelerometer Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, AND <30 ms stride rate Accelerometer Turnover, Distance perTurnover Stride variability over 20 secs HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Rate or <20 G (a calibration Temperature, Glucose& Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Variability session may be Steps,Gait Analysis with edge required) Heaviness of Footfall, L-R PowerBalance, ForceMeasures forgivness for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (Including information ontheir Activities), Direction to User is Facing, Fast Walk Stride RateStride 56 to 66 strides per Accelerometer Fast Speed, Terrain, ElapsedTime, Time of Day, Location, Rate minute >30 secs Accelerometer WalkingAltitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AND <20 ms stride rateAccelerometer Identified Turnover, Distance per Turnover Stridevariability over 20 secs HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyRate or <20 G (a calibration Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels,Pulse Oximetry, Variability session may be Steps, Gait Analysis withedge required) Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measuresforgivness for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, (1-9 secs)Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind ail+, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (Including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Running Jog Stride Rate Stride 67 to 75 strides perAccelerometer Jogging Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Location, Rate minute >30 secs Accelerometer Identified Altitude,Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, AND <10 ms stride rateAccelerometer Turnover, Distance per Turnover Stride variability over 20secs HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Rate or >20 G (acalibration Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry,Variability session may be Steps, Gait Analysis with edge required)Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forgivness forGait, Environmental Gas Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp,Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather(rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users(Including information on their Activities), Direction to User isFacing, Moderate Stride Rate Stride 76 to 86 strides per AccelerometerRunning Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, IntensityRun Rate minute >30s ecs Accelerometer Identified Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf Movement, AND <10 ms stride rate AccelerometerTurnover, Distance per Turnover Stride variability over 20 secs HR, R-R(HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Rate or >20 G (a calibrationTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Variabilitysession may be Steps, Gait Analysis with edge required) Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forgivness for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, HighIntensity Stride Rate Stride 87 to 95 strides per Accelerometer FastSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Timeof Day, Location, Run Rate minute >30secs Accelerometer Running Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pfMovement, AND <10 ms stride rate Accelerometer Identified Turnover,Distance per Turnover Stride variability over 20 secs HR, R-R (HRV),ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Rate or >20 G (a calibrationTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Variabilitysession may be Steps, Gait Analysis with edge required) Heaviness ofFootfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures forgivness for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, HeatIndex, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rainetc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, SprintIntensity Stride Rate Stride 96 + strides per minute AccelerometerSprinting Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day, Location, RunRate >30 secs Accelerometer Identified Altitude, Movement Incidence,Force pf Movement, AND <10 ms stride rate Accelerometer Turnover,Distance per Turnover Stride variability over 20 secs HR, R-R (HRV),ECG,BP, Respiration Rate, Body Rate or >20 G (a calibration Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, Variability session may beSteps, Gait Analysis with edge required) Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures forgivness for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, (1-9 secs) Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill,Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), DistanceWeather Forecast, Location of other Users (Including information ontheir Activities), Direction to User is Facing, Non Specific Stride RateStride rate >15 and <40 strides/ Accelerometer Non Speed, Terrain,Elapsed Time, Timeof Day, Location, Movement- AND impacts/movementsAccelerometer Specific Altitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement,Moderate Stride per minute Accelerometer Movement Turnover, Distance perTurnover Intensity Rate >40 ms Moderate HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP,Respiration Rate, Body Variability Upright Intensity Temperature,Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, AND Identified Steps, GaitAnalysis Postural Heaviness of Footfall, L-R Power Balance, ForceMeasures Status for Gait, Environmental Gas Concentrations,Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient,Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance Weather Forecast, Location ofother Users (Including information on their Activities), Direction toUser is Facing, Non Specific Stride Rate Stride rate >40 and <60strides/ Accelerometer Non Speed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Time of Day,Location, Movement- AND impacts/movements Accelerometer SpecificAltitude, Movement Incidence, Force pf Movement, High Stride per minuteAccelerometer Movement Turnover, Distance per Turnover IntensityRate >40 ms Moderate HR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, BodyVariability Upright Intensity Temperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels,Pulse Oximetry, AND Identified Steps, Gait Analysis Postural Heavinessof Footfall, L-R Power Balance, Force Measures Status for Gait,Environmental Gas Concentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, WindChill, Altitude, Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc),Distance Weather Forecast, Location of other Users (Includinginformation on their Activities), Direction to User is Facing, NonSpecific Stride Rate Stride rate <60 strides/impacts/ Accelerometer NonSpeed, Terrain, Elapsed Time, Timeof Day, Location, Movement- ANDmovements per minute Accelerometer Specific Altitude, MovementIncidence, Force pf Movement, Very High Stride >40 ms AccelerometerMovement Turnover, Distance per Turnover Intensity Rate Upright ModerateHR, R-R (HRV), ECG, BP, Respiration Rate, Body Variability IntensityTemperature, Glucose & Cholesterol Levels, Pulse Oximetry, ANDIdentified Steps, Gait Analysis Postural Heaviness of Footfall, L-RPower Balance, Force Measures Status for Gait, Environmental GasConcentrations, Environmental Temp, Heat Index, Wind Chill, Altitude,Slope/Gradient, Wind Speed, Weather (rain etc), Distance WeatherForecast, Location of other Users (Including information on theirActivities), Direction to User is Facing,

The foregoing description of the invention includes preferred formsthereof. Modifications may be made thereto without departing from thescope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of analyzing activity comprising:obtaining activity data for an activity of a user, the activity datacorresponding to multiple parameters; retrieving a set of thresholdcriteria that corresponds to a multi-parameter activity zone, whereinthe set of threshold criteria comprises a threshold criteria related toat least one of heart rate, steps, speed, or power of the user and basedon oxygen uptake; determining an effort of the user based on theactivity data; determining a resistance experienced by the user, whereinthe resistance comprises a measure representing at least one of striderate, stroke rate, step rate, steps, cadence, or terrain; andclassifying, based on the set of threshold criteria corresponding to themulti-parameter activity zone, an instance of the activity as anactivity type based on the resistance experienced by the user and theeffort of the user, wherein the method is executed by one or moreprocessors.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen uptakecomprises at least one of a VO2max of the user or an aerobic thresholdof the user.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold criteriabased on the oxygen uptake comprises an oxygen uptake (VO2) levelcorresponding to inactive sitting.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theset of threshold criteria that corresponds to the multi-parameteractivity zone comprises a single threshold criteria for each parameterof the multi-parameter activity zone.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereindetermining the effort of the user is based on the oxygen uptake of theuser during the activity and a body weight of the user.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the effort of the user is determined based on a speedof the user, and wherein the speed corresponds to a distance traveled bythe user and is based on GPS data.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein theeffort of the user is determined based on a speed threshold and thespeed threshold is based on oxygen uptake and is equivalent to a fastwalk.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the effort is defined using atleast one of heart rate, speed, power, or steps: and wherein the effortof the user comprises a value relative to an aerobic threshold of theuser, an anaerobic threshold of the user, or a maximum threshold of theuser.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the anaerobic threshold of theuser indicates a maximum effort of the user during a predeterminedperiod of exercise performed prior to the activity.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the effort comprises a percentage value relative to atleast one of a heart rate threshold of the user, a speed threshold ofthe user, or a power threshold of the user.
 11. The method of claim 10further comprising, receiving, by the one or more processors, at leastone of the heart rate threshold, the speed threshold, or the powerthreshold of the user from input of the user or from a device over anetwork.
 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising, determining, bythe one or more processors, at least one of the heart rate threshold,the speed threshold, or the power threshold of the user.
 13. The methodof claim 1, wherein the set of threshold criteria comprises a heart ratethreshold that is determined by: collecting activity data comprisingheart rate data during exercise performed by the user prior to theactivity, wherein the heart rate data comprises a heart ratemeasurement, a heart rate variability, a heart rate change, a relaxationrate, or a change in relaxation rate; forming a plurality of incidencebins containing numbers of incidences of the heart rate data withinspecific ranges; identifying at least one incidence bin of the pluralityof incidence bins with the highest change, wherein the at least oneincidence bin corresponds to a heart rate data range; and updating theheart rate threshold based on the heart rate data range of the at leastone incidence bin.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the set ofthreshold criteria comprises one or more values that are based on a userthreshold derived at least partly from one or more of historic dataassociated to the user, a planned threshold for the user, or a maximumthreshold of the user and wherein the user threshold is determined inview of a ventilation test of the user, a lactate test of the user, anoxygen uptake test of the user, a conconi test of the user, or a maximumcardiovascular test of the user.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein theset of threshold criteria comprises a threshold criteria determinedbased on perceived exertion scale values provided by the user during acalibration workout.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the resistanceis based on at least one of a particular stride rate or a change instride rate, a particular stroke rate or a change in stroke rate, aparticular cadence or a change in cadence, a particular step rate orchange in step rate, a particular number of steps or change in number ofsteps, or a particular altitude or a change in altitude.
 17. The methodof claim 1, wherein the set of threshold criteria comprises multiplethreshold criteria that define boundaries of the multi-parameteractivity zone and a first instance of the activity is within themulti-parameter activity zone and a second instance of the activity isnot within the multi-parameter activity zone.
 18. The method of claim 1,wherein the multi-parameter activity zone is a multi-parameter trainingzone and wherein the instance of the activity is within a training typesegment, and further comprising: accessing a training plan comprising aduration for one or more training type segments; comparing the durationof the training plan with a duration of the training type segmentcomprising the instance; and generating a response for the user in viewof the comparing of the duration of the training plan.
 19. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising, updating the training plan based on thecomparing with the duration of the training type segment.
 20. The methodof claim 1, wherein the measure is based on the terrain and comprises achange in one or more of a slope, a gradient, or an altitude.
 21. Themethod of claim 1, wherein determining the resistance experienced by theuser is further based on a body weight of the user, a carried weight ofthe user, or an arm/leg turnover of the user, wherein the arm/legturnover is defined by one or more of an average rate of arm/legturnover, a distance per arm/leg turnover, or a change in distance perarm/leg turnover.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the activity datais processed in real time or is processed after the activity, whereinthe activity data comprises time, distance, or location stamped blocksof activity data.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the activity datais received from one or more activity monitoring devices comprising oneor more sensing elements arranged to obtain data indicative of themultiple parameters monitored during the activity.
 24. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the activity data is received in real time or postactivity by one or more monitoring devices.
 25. The method of claim 1,wherein the set of threshold criteria further comprises at least onethreshold criteria derived from an ideal zone, wherein the ideal zonecorresponds to a plurality of users without being specific to the user.26. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the effort furthercomprises determining the effort based on a period threshold, whereinthe period threshold comprises a threshold period of time that a valueof effort is maintained.
 27. The method of claim 1, further comprisingdetermining compliance of the instance of the activity with a trainingtype, wherein the determining compliance comprises calculating acompliance measure that indicates a level of the compliance.
 28. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: generating visual feedback orauditory feedback associated with the instance of the activity; andproviding the visual feedback or auditory feedback to the user.
 29. Asystem of analyzing activity comprising: a memory; and a processorcommunicably coupled to the memory, the processor to: obtain activitydata for an activity of a user, the activity data corresponding tomultiple parameters; retrieve a set of threshold criteria thatcorresponds to a multi-parameter activity zone, wherein the set ofthreshold criteria comprises a threshold criteria related to at leastone of heart rate, steps, speed, or power of the user and based onoxygen uptake; determine an effort of the user based on the activitydata; determine a resistance experienced by the user, wherein theresistance comprises a measure representing at least one of stride rate,stroke rate, step rate, steps, cadence, or terrain; and classify, basedon the set of threshold criteria corresponding to the multi-parameteractivity zone, an instance of the activity as an activity type based onthe resistance experienced by the user and the effort of the user. 30.The system of claim 29, wherein the processor is configured to determinethe effort of the user based on the speed of the user.
 31. Anon-transitory computer readable media storing instructions which, whenexecuted, cause a processor to perform operations comprising: obtainingactivity data for an activity of a user, the activity data correspondingto multiple parameters; retrieving a set of threshold criteria thatcorresponds to a multi-parameter activity zone, wherein the set ofthreshold criteria comprises a threshold criteria related to at leastone of heart rate, steps, speed, or power of the user and based onoxygen uptake; determining an effort of the user based on the activitydata; determining a resistance experienced by the user, wherein theresistance comprises a measure representing at least one of stride rate,stroke rate, step rate, steps, cadence, or terrain; and classifying,based on the set of threshold criteria corresponding to themulti-parameter activity zone, an instance of the activity as anactivity type based on the resistance experienced by the user and theeffort of the user.
 32. The non-transitory computer readable media ofclaim 31, wherein the instructions which, when executed, cause theprocessor to perform further operations including: determining theeffort of the user based on the speed of the user.
 33. Thenon-transitory computer readable media of claim 32, wherein the speed ofthe user corresponds to a distance traveled by the user and is based onGlobal Positioning System (GPS) data.